Whitton, J. Lindsay

Faculty Member

Positions

2017 - Professor, Immunology and Microbiology , Scripps Research
1989 - Faculty Member, Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences , Scripps Research
2013 - 2017 Professor, Immunology and Microbial Science (IMS) , Scripps Research

Dr. J. Lindsay Whitton studies antiviral immunity mediated by the recognition of viral peptides by host cells, the basis of immunization with plasmid DNA vaccines, and the role of the immune system in viral pathogenesis during coxsackievirus infections.

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lwhitton@scripps.edu

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academic article
- Kimura, T., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Sen, G. C., Whitton, J. L. Biphasic and cardiomyocyte-specific IFIT activity protects cardiomyocytes from enteroviral infection PLoS Pathogens 2019 15 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007674 PMID:30958867 PMCID:PMC6453442
- Flynn, C. T., Kimura, T., Frimpong-Boateng, K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Immunological and pathological consequences of coxsackievirus RNA persistence in the heart Virology 2017 512:104-112 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.017 PMID:28950225 PMCID:PMC5653433
- Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Chromosomal mapping of the αMHC-MerCreMer transgene in mice reveals a large genomic deletion Transgenic Research 2016 25:639-648 DOI:10.1007/s11248-016-9960-6 PMID:27165291
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo Virology 2016 498:69-81 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003 PMID:27564543 PMCID:PMC5045820
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Type I IFN signaling is dispensable during secondary viral infection PLoS Pathogens 2016 12 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005861 PMID:27580079 PMCID:PMC5006979
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus can exploit LC3 in both autophagy-dependent and -independent manners in vivo Autophagy 2015 11:1389-1407 DOI:10.1080/15548627.2015.1063769 PMID:26090585 PMCID:PMC4590631
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific naive CD8(+) T cells produce a single pulse of IFN-gamma in vivo within hours of infection, but without antiviral effect Journal of Immunology 2014 193:1873-1885 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1400348 PMID:25015828 PMCID:PMC4119517
- Robinson, S. M., Tsueng, G., Sin, J., Mangale, V., Rahawi, S., McIntyre, L. L., Williams, W., Kha, N., Cruz, C., Hancock, B. M., Nguyen, D. P., Sayen, M. R., et al. Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers PLoS Pathogens 2014 10:e1004045 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004045 PMID:24722773 PMCID:PMC3983045
- Althof, N., Harkins, S., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. In vivo ablation of type I interferon receptor from cardiomyocytes delays coxsackieviral clearance and accelerates myocardial disease Journal of Virology 2014 88:5087-5099 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00184-14 PMID:24574394 PMCID:PMC3993796
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. CD8+ memory T cells appear exhausted within hours of acute virus infection Journal of Immunology 2013 191:4211-4222 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1300920 PMID:24026080 PMCID:PMC3795851
- Althof, N., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 infects the bone marrow and diminishes the restorative capacity of erythroid and lymphoid progenitors Journal of Virology 2013 87:2823-2834 DOI:10.1128/jvi.03004-12 PMID:23269810 PMCID:PMC3571374
- Misumi, I., Alirezaei, M., Eam, B., Su, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Whitmire, J. K. Differential T cell responses to residual viral antigen prolong CD4(+) T cell contraction following the resolution of infection Journal of Immunology 2013 191:5655-5668 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1301215 PMID:24146043 PMCID:PMC3879805
- Klionsky, D. J., Abdalla, F. C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R. T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A., Ahn, H. J., Ait-Mohamed, O., et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy Autophagy 2012 8:445-544 DOI:10.4161/auto.19496 PMID:22966490 PMCID:PMC3404883
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Interactions between enteroviruses and autophagy in vivo Autophagy 2012 8:973-975 DOI:10.4161/auto.20160 PMID:22705981 PMCID:PMC3427263
- Ruller, C. M., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Deren, D. A., Robinson, S. M., Maciejewski, S., Gluhm, S., Gilbert, P. E., An, N. L., Gude, N. A., Sussman, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Neural stem cell depletion and cns developmental defects after enteroviral infection American Journal of Pathology 2012 180:1107-1120 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.016 PMID:22214838 PMCID:PMC3349883
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L. Pancreatic acinar cell-specific autophagy disruption reduces coxsackievirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo Cell Host & Microbe 2012 11:298-305 DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.014 PMID:22423969 PMCID:PMC3308121
- Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Hosking, M. P., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Wild-type coxsackievirus infection dramatically alters the abundance, heterogeneity, and immunostimulatory capacity of conventional dendritic cells in vivo Virology 2012 429:74-90 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.005 PMID:22551767 PMCID:PMC3358485
- Moore, C. S., Milner, R., Nishiyama, A., Frausto, R. F., Serwanski, D. R., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Miller, R. H., Crocker, S. J. Astrocytic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (timp-1) promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhances cns myelination Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31:6247-6254 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.5474-10.2011 PMID:21508247 PMCID:PMC3090636
- Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Whitton, J. L. Autophagy, inflammation and neurodegenerative disease European Journal of Neuroscience 2011 33:197-204 DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07500.x PMID:21138487 PMCID:PMC3059259
- Tsueng, G., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Gopal, A., Ruller, C. M., Deline, S., An, N., Frausto, R. F., Milner, R., Crocker, S. J., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Coxsackievirus preferentially replicates and induces cytopathic effects in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells Journal of Virology 2011 85:5718-5732 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02261-10 PMID:21471247 PMCID:PMC3126326
- Crocker, S. J., Bajpai, R., Moore, C. S., Frausto, R. F., Brown, G. D., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Terskikh, A. V. Intravenous administration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells attenuates cuprizone-induced central nervous system (cns) demyelination Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2011 37:643-653 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01165.x PMID:21276029 PMCID:PMC3252213
- Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Kotturi, M. F., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. A multivalent vaccination strategy for the prevention of old world arenavirus infection in humans Journal of Virology 2010 84:9947-9956 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00672-10 PMID:20668086 PMCID:PMC2937778
- Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Ruller, C. M., Bagalso, N., An, N., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Gilbert, P. E., Kiosses, W. B., Gude, N. A., Cornell, C. T., Doran, K. S., Sussman, M. A., et al. A novel population of myeloid cells responding to coxsackievirus infection assists in the dissemination of virus within the neonatal cns Journal of Neuroscience 2010 30:8676-8691 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-10.2010 PMID:20573913 PMCID:PMC2902258
- Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles and megaphagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells in vivo Journal of Virology 2010 84:12110-12124 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01417-10 PMID:20861268 PMCID:PMC2976412
- Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L., Kiosses, W. B. Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy Autophagy 2010 6:702-710 DOI:10.4161/auto.6.6.12376 PMID:20534972 PMCID:PMC3106288
- Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. Type b coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems Future Microbiology 2010 5:1329-1347 DOI:10.2217/fmb.10.101 PMID:20860480 PMCID:PMC3045535
- Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitmire, J. K., Flynn, C. T., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 inhibits antigen presentation in vivo, exerting a profound and selective effect on the mhc class i pathway PLoS Pathogens 2009 5:e1000618 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000618 PMID:19834548 PMCID:PMC2757675
- Alirezaei, M., Fox, H. S., Flynn, C. T., Moore, C. S., Hebb, A. L. O., Frausto, R. F., Bhan, V., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L., Robertson, G. S., Crocker, S. J. Elevated ATG5 expression in autoimmune demyelination and multiple sclerosis Autophagy 2009 5:152-158 DOI:10.4161/auto.5.2.7348 PMID:19066443 PMCID:PMC2779564
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Mice deficient in stem cell antigen-1 (sca1, ly-6a/e) develop normal primary and memory cd4(+) and cd8(+) t-cell responses to virus infection European Journal of Immunology 2009 39:1494-1504 DOI:10.1002/eji.200838959 PMID:19384870 PMCID:PMC2757104
- Feuer, R., Ruller, C. M., An, N., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Rhoades, R. E., Maciejewski, S., Pagarigan, R. R., Cornell, C. T., Crocker, S. J., Kiosses, W. B., Pham-Mitchell, N., Campbell, I. L., et al. Viral persistence and chronic immunopathology in the adult central nervous system following coxsackievirus infection during the neonatal period Journal of Virology 2009 83:9356-9369 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02382-07 PMID:19570873 PMCID:PMC2738251
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitton, J. L., Milner, R. A novel method to establish microglia-free astrocyte cultures: Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression profiles in pure cultures of astrocytes and microglia Glia 2008 56:1187-1198 DOI:10.1002/glia.20689 PMID:18449943 PMCID:PMC2776034
- Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Enumeration and functional evaluation of virus-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in lymphoid and peripheral sites of coxsackievirus b3 infection Journal of Virology 2008 82:4331-4342 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02639-07 PMID:18305030 PMCID:PMC2293035
- Krogstad, P., Hammon, R., Halnon, N., Whitton, J. L. Fatal neonatal myocarditis caused by a recombinant human enterovirus-b variant Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008 27:668-669 DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e31816b5d2a PMID:18536618
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Increasing the CD4+ T cell precursor frequency leads to competition for IFN-gamma thereby degrading memory cell quantity and quality Journal of Immunology 2008 180:6777-6785 PMID:18453598 PMCID:PMC2788825
- Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Preferential coxsackievirus replication in proliferating/activated cells: Implications for virus tropism, persistence, and pathogenesis Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2008 323:149-173 PMID:18357769
- Theil, D. J., Libbey, J. E., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Tsunoda, I., Derfuss, T. J., Fujinami, R. S. Targeting myelin proteolipid protein to the mhc class i pathway by ubiquitination modulates the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 2008 204:92-100 DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.005 PMID:18706703 PMCID:PMC2646907
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Tentative t cells: Memory cells are quick to respond, but slow to divide PLoS Pathogens 2008 4:e1000041 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000041 PMID:18404208 PMCID:PMC2275797
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Milner, R., Whitton, J. L. Amelioration of coxsackievirus b3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 American Journal of Pathology 2007 171:1762-1773 DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070179 PMID:18055551 PMCID:PMC2111101
- Cornell, C. T., Mosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 proteins directionally complement each other to downregulate surface major histocompatibility complex class I Journal of Virology 2007 81:6785-6797 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00198-07 PMID:17442717 PMCID:PMC1933326
- Hunziker, I. P., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Deletions within the 5 ' utr of coxsackievirus b3: Consequences for virus translation and replication Virology 2007 360:120-128 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.041 PMID:17084431 PMCID:PMC2190293
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Direct interferon-gamma signalling and cd8(+) t cell memory Journal of Immunology 2007 179:1190-1197 PMID:17617612
- Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Ting, J. P. C., Bui, H. H., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. Hla-a2-restricted protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis Journal of Virology 2007 81:2307-2317 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02063-06 PMID:17166907
- Libbey, J. E., Tsunoda, I., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infectious rna isolated from the spinal cords of mice chronically infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus Journal of Virology 2007 81:3009-3011 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01663-06 PMID:17005653
- Frausto, R. F., Crocker, S. J., Earn, B., Whitmire, J. K., Whitton, J. L. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and t cell responses are unaffected by immunoproteasome deficiency Journal of Neuroimmunology 2007 192:124-133 DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.024 PMID:17964666 PMCID:PMC2175388
- Fernandez-Borges, N., Brun, A., Whitton, J. L., Parra, B., Diaz-San Segundo, F., Salguero, F. J., Torres, J. M., Rodriguez, F. DNA vaccination can break immunological tolerance to prp in wild-type mice and attenuates prion disease after intracerebral challenge Journal of Virology 2006 80:9970-9976 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01210-06 PMID:17005675
- Botten, J., Alexander, J., Pasquetto, V., Sidney, J., Barrowman, P., Ting, J., Peters, B., Southwood, S., Stewart, B., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Mothe, B., Whitton, J. L., et al. Identification of protective lassa virus epitopes that are restricted by hla-a2 Journal of Virology 2006 80:8351-8361 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00896-06 PMID:16912286
- Cornell, C. T., Kiosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Inhibition of protein trafficking by coxsackievirus b3: Multiple viral proteins target a single organelle Journal of Virology 2006 80:6637-6647 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02572-05 PMID:16775351
- Fujinami, R. S., von Herrath, M. G., Christen, U., Whitton, J. L. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: Infections and autoimmune disease Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006 19:80-94 DOI:10.1128/cmr.19.1.80-94.2006 PMID:16418524
- Feuer, R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Peptide vaccination of mice immune to LCMV or vaccinia virus causes serious CD8 T cell-mediated, TNF-dependent immunopathology Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116:465-475 DOI:10.1172/jci25608 PMID:16424939
- Crocker, S. J., Whitmire, J. K., Frausto, R. F., Chertboonmuang, P., Soloway, P. D., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice American Journal of Pathology 2006 169:2104-2116 DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2006.060626 PMID:17148673 PMCID:PMC1762490
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Precursor frequency, nonlinear proliferation, and functional maturation of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells Journal of Immunology 2006 176:3028-3036 PMID:16493061
- Harkins, S., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Analysis of translational initiation in coxsackievirus b3 suggests an alternative explanation for the high frequency of r+4 in the eukaryotic consensus motift Journal of Virology 2005 79:987-996 DOI:10.1128/jvi.79.2.987-996.2005 PMID:15613327
- Feuer, R., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hunziker, I. P., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Coxsackievirus targets proliferating neuronal progenitor cells in the neonatal CNS Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25:2434-2444 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.4517-04.2005 PMID:15745971
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Cutting edge: Early ifn-gamma signaling directly enhances primary antivliwal cd4(+) t cell responses Journal of Immunology 2005 175:5624-5628 PMID:16237051
- Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Nelson, M. S., Botten, J., Smith-Nixon, K., Buchmeier, M. J., Whitton, J. L. Evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding lassa virus nucleoprotein Virology 2005 335:87-98 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.019 PMID:15823608
- Whitton, J. L., Cornell, C. T., Feuer, R. Host and virus determinants of picornavirus pathogenesis and tropism Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005 3:765-776 DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1240 PMID:16205710
- Nussbaum, A. K., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Benning, N., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Immunoproteasome-deficient mice mount largely normal cd8(+) t cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and DNA vaccination Journal of Immunology 2005 175:1153-1160 PMID:16002717
- Whitmire, J. K., Tan, J. T., Whitton, J. L. Interferon-gamma acts directly on cd8(+) t cells to increase their abundance during virus infection Journal of Experimental Medicine 2005 201:1053-1059 DOI:10.1084/jem.20041463 PMID:15809350 PMCID:PMC2213135
- Whitton, J. L. Re-evaluating the in vivo cytokine responses of CD8+ T cells during primary and secondary viral infections Journal of Immunology 2005 174:5936-5940 PMID:15879085
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus replication and the cell cycle: A potential regulatory mechanism for viral persistence/latency Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2004 193:83-90 DOI:10.1007/s00430-003-0192-z PMID:12925877
- Hunziker, I. P., Harkins, S., Feuer, R., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Generation and analysis of an rna vaccine that protects against coxsackievirus b3 challenge Virology 2004 330:196-208 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.035 PMID:15527846
- Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Myocarditis, microbes and autoimmunity Autoimmunity 2004 37:375-386 DOI:10.1080/08916930410001713089 PMID:15621561
- Leifert, J. A., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Targeting plasmid-encoded proteins to the antigen presentation pathways Immunological Reviews 2004 199:40-53 DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0135.x PMID:15233725
- Nussbaum, A. K., Whitton, J. L. The contraction phase of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells is unaffected by a pan-caspase inhibitor Journal of Immunology 2004 173:6611-6618 PMID:15557151
- Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Liu, F. The rapidity with which virus-specific CD8+ T cells initiate IFN-γ synthesis increases markedly over the course of infection and correlates with immunodominance Journal of Immunology 2004 173:456-462 PMID:15210805
- Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Nussbaum, A. K., Whitmire, J. K., Liu, F. The regulation and maturation of antiviral immune responses Advances in Virus Research 2004 63:181-238 DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63003-x PMID:15530562
- Leifert, J. A., Whitton, J. L. 'Translocatory proteins' and 'protein transduction domains': A critical analysis of their biological effects and the underlying mechanisms Molecular Therapy 2003 8:13-20 DOI:10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00151-5 PMID:12842424
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 and the neonatal cns - the roles of stem cells, developing neurons, and apoptosis in infection, viral dissemination, and disease American Journal of Pathology 2003 163:1379-1393 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63496-7 PMID:14507646
- von Herrath, M. G., Fujinami, R. S., Whitton, J. L. Microorganisms and autoimmunity: Making the barren field fertile? Nature Reviews Microbiology 2003 1:151-157 DOI:10.1038/nrmicro754 PMID:15035044
- Leifert, J. A., Holler, P. D., Harkins, S., Kranz, D. M., Whitton, J. L. The cationic region from hiv tat enhances the cell-surface expression of epitope/mhc class i complexes Gene Therapy 2003 10:2067-2073 DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3302115 PMID:14595379
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Cell cycle status affects coxsackievirus replication, persistence, and reactivation in vitro Journal of Virology 2002 76:4430-4440 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4430-4440.2002 PMID:11932410
- Whitton, J. L. Designing arenaviral vaccines Arenaviruses II 2002 263:221-238 PMID:11987816
- Leifert, J. A., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Full-length proteins attached to the hiv tat protein transduction domain are neither transduced between cells, nor exhibit enhanced immunogenicity Gene Therapy 2002 9:1422-1428 DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3301819 PMID:12378404
- Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Immunodominance in virus-induced cd8(+) t-cell responses is dramatically modified by DNA immunization and is regulated by gamma interferon Journal of Virology 2002 76:4251-4259 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4251-4259.2002 PMID:11932390
- Whitton, J. L. Immunopathology during coxsackievirus infection Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 2002 24:201-213 DOI:10.1007/s00281-002-0100-4 PMID:12503065
- Whitton, J. L. Infectious origins for chronic diseases MLO: Medical Laboratory Observer 2002 34:10-19 PMID:12442722
- Zhang, J., Silvestri, N., Whitton, J. L., Hassett, D. E. Neonates mount robust and protective adult-like cd8(+)-t-cell responses to DNA vaccines Journal of Virology 2002 76:11911-11919 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.23.11911-11919.2002 PMID:12414933
- Harrington, L. E., van der Most, R., Whitton, J. L., Ahmed, R. Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced t-cell immunity: Quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope Journal of Virology 2002 76:3329-3337 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.7.3329-3337.2002 PMID:11884558
- Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Redwine, J. M., de Pereda, J. M., Whitton, J. L. Cd4(+) t cells induced by a DNA vaccine: Immunological consequences of epitope-specific lysosomal targeting Journal of Virology 2001 75:10421-10430 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.21.10421-10430.2001 PMID:11581410
- Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Dna immunization and central nervous system viral infection Advances in Virus Research 2001 56:243-273 PMID:11450302
- Leifert, J. A., Lindencrona, J. A., Charo, J., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing t cell activation and antiviral protection by introducing the hiv-1 protein transduction domain into a DNA vaccine Human Gene Therapy 2001 12:1881-1892 DOI:10.1089/104303401753153938 PMID:11589830
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Functional avidity maturation of cd8(+)t cells without selection of higher affinity tcr Nature Immunology 2001 2:711-717 DOI:10.1038/90650 PMID:11477407
- Rodriguez, F., Slifka, M. K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Two overlapping subdominant epitopes identified by DNA immunization induce protective cd8(+) t-cell populations with differing cytolytic activities Journal of Virology 2001 75:7399-7409 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.16.7399-7409.2001 PMID:11462012
- Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R., Mena, I., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Using recombinant coxsackievirus b3 to evaluate the induction and protective efficacy of cd8(+) t cells during picornavirus infection Journal of Virology 2001 75:2377-2387 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.5.2377-2387.2001 PMID:11160741
- Theil, D. J., Tsunoda, I., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses can silently prime for and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease Journal of Neurovirology 2001 7:220-227 PMID:11517396
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Activated and memory cd8(+) t cells can be distinguished by their cytokine profiles and phenotypic markers Journal of Immunology 2000 164:208-216 PMID:10605013
- Xiang, R., Lode, H. N., Chao, T. H., Ruehlmann, J. M., Dolman, C. S., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Overwijk, W. W., Restifo, N. P., Reisfeld, R. A. An autologous oral DNA vaccine protects against murine melanoma Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97:5492-5497 DOI:10.1073/pnas.090097697 PMID:10779556 PMCID:PMC25856
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific regulation of t cell-mediated cytokine production Immunity 2000 12:451-457 DOI:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80197-1 PMID:10843378
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production Journal of Molecular Medicine-JMM 2000 78:74-80 DOI:10.1007/s001090000086 PMID:10794542
- Mena, I., Fischer, C., Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection of the pancreas: Evaluation of receptor expression, pathogenesis, and immunopathology Virology 2000 271:276-288 DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0332 PMID:10860882
- von Herrath, M. G., Whitton, J. L. DNA vaccination to treat autoimmune diabetes Annals of Medicine 2000 32:285-292 DOI:10.3109/07853890008995930 PMID:10949059
- Hassett, D. E., Slifka, M. K., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Direct ex vivo kinetic and phenotypic analyses of cd8(+) t-cell responses induced by DNA immunization Journal of Virology 2000 74:8286-8291 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.18.8286-8291.2000 PMID:10954526
- Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing DNA immunization Virology 2000 268:233-238 DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0209 PMID:10704331
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Slifka, M., Whitton, J. L. Immune responses following neonatal DNA vaccination are long-lived, abundant, and qualitatively similar to those induced by conventional immunization Journal of Virology 2000 74:2620-2627 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.6.2620-2627.2000 PMID:10684276
- Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L. Nk markers are expressed on a high percentage of virus-specific cd8(+) and cd4(+) t cells Journal of Immunology 2000 164:2009-2015 PMID:10657652
- An, L. L., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the immune responses induced by a multivalent minigene DNA vaccine Vaccine 2000 18:2132-2141 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00546-0 PMID:10715528
- Sevilla, N., Homann, D., von Herrath, M., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Virus-induced diabetes in a transgenic model: Role of cross-reacting viruses and quantitation of effector t cells needed to cause disease Journal of Virology 2000 74:3284-3292 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.7.3284-3292.2000 PMID:10708445
- Ochsenbein, A. F., Karrer, U., Klenerman, P., Althage, A., Ciurea, A., Shen, H., Miller, J. F., Whitton, J. L., Hengartner, H., Zinkernagel, R. M. A comparison of t cell memory against the same antigen induced by virus versus intracellular bacteria Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999 96:9293-9298 DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9293 PMID:10430936
- Coon, B., An, L. L., Whitton, J. L., von Herrath, M. G. DNA immunization to prevent autoimmune diabetes Journal of Clinical Investigation 1999 104:189-194 DOI:10.1172/jci7209 PMID:10411548
- Whitton, J. L., Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Hassett, D. E. DNA immunization: Mechanistic studies Vaccine 1999 17:1612-1619 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00418-6 PMID:10194813
- Lewis, A. J., Whitton, J. L., Hatalski, C. G., Weissenbock, H., Lipkin, W. I. Effect of immune priming on borna disease Journal of Virology 1999 73:2541-2546 PMID:9971840 PMCID:PMC104502
- Tsunoda, I., Tolley, N. D., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Kobayashi, H., Fujinami, R. S. Exacerbation of viral and autoimmune animal models for multiple sclerosis by bacterial DNA Brain Pathology 1999 9:481-493 PMID:10416988
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Induction of antiviral antibodies by DNA immunization requires neither perforin-mediated nor cd8(+)-t-cell-mediated lysis of antigen-expressing cells Journal of Virology 1999 73:7870-7873 PMID:10438882 PMCID:PMC104319
- Wang, L. Y., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein causes suppression of chronic relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 1999 96:148-157 DOI:10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00020-X PMID:10337913
- An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. Multivalent minigene vaccines against infectious disease Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 1999 1:16-21 PMID:11249678
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Plasmid DNA vaccines are effective in the absence of ifn gamma Virology 1999 263:175-183 DOI:10.1006/viro.1999.9957 PMID:10544092
- Slifka, M. K., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Rapid on/off cycling of cytokine production by virus-specific cd8(+) t cells Nature 1999 401:76-79 DOI:10.1038/43454 PMID:10485708
- Mena, I., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Rodriguez, F., Gebhard, J., Whitton, J. L. The role of b lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3 infection American Journal of Pathology 1999 155:1205-1215 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65223-6 PMID:10514403
- Oldstone, M. B. A., von Herrath, M., Lewicki, H., Hudrisier, D., Whitton, J. L., Gairin, J. E. Use of a high-affinity peptide that aborts mhc-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity against multiple viruses in vitro and virus-induced immunopathologic disease in vivo Virology 1999 256:246-257 DOI:10.1006/viro.1998.9593 PMID:10191190
- Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: Facts and fantasies Current Opinion in Microbiology 1999 2:392-397 PMID:10458987
- Whitton, J. L. An overview of antigen presentation and its central role in the immune response Antigen Presentation 1998 232:1-13 PMID:9557391
- Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Lane, T., Mena, I., Asensio, V. C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis - perforin exacerbates disease, but plays no detectable role in virus clearance American Journal of Pathology 1998 153:417-428 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65585-x PMID:9708802
- Rodriguez, F., An, L. L., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Yokoyama, M., Widera, G., Fuller, J. T., Kincaid, C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization with minigenes: Low frequency of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes and inefficient antiviral protection are rectified by ubiquitination Journal of Virology 1998 72:5174-5181 PMID:9573289 PMCID:PMC110091
- Tsunoda, I., Kuang, L. Q., Tolley, N. D., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) by DNA immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (plp) plasmid DNA Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1998 57:758-767 DOI:10.1097/00005072-199808000-00005 PMID:9720491
- van der Most, R. G., Murali-Krishna, K., Whitton, J. L., Oseroff, C., Alexander, J., Southwood, S., Sidney, J., Chesnut, R. W., Sette, A., Ahmed, R. Identification of d-b- and k-b-restricted subdominant cytotoxic t-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice Virology 1998 240:158-167 DOI:10.1006/viro.1997.8934 PMID:9448700
- Henke, A., Wagner, E., Whitton, J. L., Zell, R., Stelzner, A. Protection of mice against lethal coxsackievirus b3 infection by using DNA immunization Journal of Virology 1998 72:8327-8331 PMID:9733878 PMCID:PMC110201
- Akwa, Y., Hassett, D. E., Eloranta, M. L., Sandberg, K., Masliah, E., Powell, H., Whitton, J. L., Bloom, F. E., Campbell, I. L. Transgenic expression of ifn-alpha in the central nervous system of mice protects against lethal neurotropic viral infection but induces inflammation and neurodegeneration Journal of Immunology 1998 161:5016-5026 PMID:9794439
- An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. A multivalent minigene vaccine, containing b-cell, cytotoxic t-lymphocyte, and t-h epitopes from several microbes, induces appropriate responses in vivo and confers protection against more than one pathogen Journal of Virology 1997 71:2292-2302 PMID:9032365 PMCID:PMC191338
- Bell, A. F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Antisense-mediated resistance to measles virus infection in hela cells Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997 176:258-261 DOI:10.1086/517261 PMID:9207377
- Yokoyama, M., Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization can stimulate florid local inflammation, and the antiviral immunity induced varies depending on injection site Vaccine 1997 15:553-560 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00213-2 PMID:9160524
- Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Ubiquitination of a viral protein enhances cytotoxic t-lymphocyte induction and antiviral protection but abrogates antibody induction Journal of Virology 1997 71:8497-8503 PMID:9343207 PMCID:PMC192313
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Neonatal DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding an internal viral protein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies and protects against subsequent viral challenge Journal of Virology 1997 71:7881-7888 PMID:9311877 PMCID:PMC192144
- Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Use of a nonviral vector to express a chimeric trna-ribozyme against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Cytoplasmic accumulation of a catalytically competent transcript but minimal antiviral effect Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 1997 7:3-11 DOI:10.1089/oli.1.1997.7.3 PMID:9055033
- An, L. L., Pamer, E., Whitton, J. L. A recombinant minigene vaccine containing a nonameric cytotoxic-t-lymphocyte epitope confers limited protection against listeria monocytogenes infection Infection and Immunity 1996 64:1685-1693 PMID:8613379 PMCID:PMC173980
- von Herrath, M. G., Yokoyama, M., Dockter, J., Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L. Cd4-deficient mice have reduced levels of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes after immunization and show diminished resistance to subsequent virus challenge Journal of Virology 1996 70:1072-1079 PMID:8551565 PMCID:PMC189913
- Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization Trends in Microbiology 1996 4:307-312 DOI:10.1016/0966-842x(96)10048-2 PMID:8856868
- Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Effects of vehicle and route of administration on the induction of protective antiviral immunity FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 1996 14:221-230 DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00290.x PMID:8856321
- Hildeman, D., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Muller, D. Vaccination protects beta(2) microglobulin deficient mice from immune mediated mortality but not from persisting viral infection Vaccine 1996 14:1223-1229 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00028-x PMID:8961509
- Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wang, L. Y., Fujinami, R. S. Virus encoding an encephalitogenic peptide protects mice from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 1996 64:163-173 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(95)00165-4 PMID:8632058
- Xing, Z., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Antiviral activity of rna molecules containing self-releasing ribozymes targeted to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Antisense Research and Development 1995 5:203-212 PMID:8785476
- Lewicki, H. A., Vonherrath, M. G., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. CTL escape viral variants. II. Biologic activity in vivo Virology 1995 211:443-450 DOI:10.1006/viro.1995.1426 PMID:7645248
- Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization confers protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infection Journal of Virology 1995 69:2684-2688 PMID:7884923 PMCID:PMC188955
- Whitton, J. L., Zhang, J. Principles of cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and recognition Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 1995 202:247-259 PMID:7587366
- Henke, A., Huber, S., Stelzner, A., Whitton, J. L. The role of cd8(+) t-lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis Journal of Virology 1995 69:6720-6728 PMID:7474082 PMCID:PMC189582
- Sandberg, K., Kemper, P., Stalder, A., Zhang, J., Hobbs, M. V., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Altered tissue distribution of viral replication and t-cell spreading is pivotal in the protection against fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice after neutralization of ifn-alpha/beta Journal of Immunology 1994 153:220-231 PMID:8207238
- Whitton, J. L. Antisense treatment of viral-infection Advances in Virus Research 1994 44:267-303 DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60331-0 PMID:7817875
- Doherty, P. C., Hou, S., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A., Blackman, M. A. Limiting the available t-cell receptor repertoire modifies acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunopathology Journal of Neuroimmunology 1994 51:147-152 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(94)90076-0 PMID:8182114
- Sheng, N., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L., McKee, T. A rapid and simple method for determining the DNA-sequences of fragments inserted into vaccinia virus Biotechniques 1993 14:781-784 PMID:8512703
- Whitton, J. L., Sheng, N., Oldstone, M. B. A., McKee, T. A. A string-of-beads vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge Journal of Virology 1993 67:348-352 PMID:7677954 PMCID:PMC237369
- Zheng, X., Whitton, J. L. An anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ribozyme expressed in tissue-culture cells diminishes viral-rna levels and leads to a reduction in infectious virus yield Journal of Virology 1993 67:1840-1847 PMID:8445712 PMCID:PMC240243
- Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wada, Y., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of autoimmune-disease using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein Journal of Neuroimmunology 1993 44:15-26 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90263-x PMID:7684398
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Eddleston, M., Delatorre, J. C., McKee, T., Whitton, J. L. Vaccination to prevent persistent viral infection Journal of Virology 1993 67:4372-4378 PMID:8510226 PMCID:PMC237809
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Geckeler, R., Lewicki, H., Whitton, J. L. A common antiviral cytotoxic lymphocyte-t epitope for diverse major histocompatibility complex haplotypes - implications for vaccination Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992 89:2752-2755 DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2752 PMID:1372990
- Schwarz, H., Whitton, J. L. A rapid, inexpensive method for eluting DNA from agarose or acrylamide-gel slices without using toxic or chaotropic materials Biotechniques 1992 13:205-206 PMID:1389152
- Muller, D., Koller, B. H., Whitton, J. L., Lapan, K. E., Brigman, K. K., Frelinger, J. A. Lcmv-specific, class-ii restricted cytotoxic t-cells in beta-2-microglobulin deficient mice Science 1992 255:1576-1578 DOI:10.1126/science.1347959 PMID:1347959
- Lewicki, H., McKee, T. A., Tishon, A., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Novel lcmv-specific h-2k restricted ctl clones recognize internal viral gene-products and cause cns disease Journal of Neuroimmunology 1992 41:15-20 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(92)90190-v PMID:1281166
- Xing, Z., Whitton, J. L. Ribozymes which cleave arenavirus rnas - identification of susceptible target sites and inhibition by target site secondary structure Journal of Virology 1992 66:1361-1369 PMID:1738195 PMCID:PMC240858
- Ray, J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Rapid accumulation of measles-virus leader rna in the nucleus of infected hela-cells and human lymphoid-cells Journal of Virology 1991 65:7041-7045 PMID:1942256 PMCID:PMC250824
- Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Vaccination and protection from a lethal viral infection: identification, incorporation, and use of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte glycoprotein epitope Virology 1990 178:393-400 DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90336-p PMID:1699348
- Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Class-i mhc can present an endogenous peptide to cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine 1989 170:1033-1038 DOI:10.1084/jem.170.3.1033 PMID:2475568
- Whitton, J. L., Tishon, A., Lewicki, H., Gebhard, J., Cook, T., Salvato, M., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular analyses of a 5-amino-acid cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t (ctl) epitope - an immunodominant region which induces nonreciprocal ctl cross-reactivity Journal of Virology 1989 63:4303-4310 PMID:2476570 PMCID:PMC251046
- Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecularly engineered vaccine which expresses an immunodominant t-cell epitope induces cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t that confer protection from lethal virus-infection Journal of Virology 1989 63:4311-4316 PMID:2476571 PMCID:PMC251047
- Joly, E., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Polymorphism of cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t clones that recognize a defined 9-amino-acid immunodominant domain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein Journal of Virology 1989 63:1845-1851 PMID:2467990 PMCID:PMC250594
- Whitton, J. L., Southern, P. J., Oldstone, M. B. A. Analyses of the cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t responses to glycoprotein and nucleoprotein components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Virology 1988 162:321-327 DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90471-0 PMID:3257596
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A. Fine dissection of a 9 amino-acid glycoprotein epitope, a major determinant recognized by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific class-i-restricted h-2db cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine 1988 168:559-570 DOI:10.1084/jem.168.2.559 PMID:2457647
- Whitton, J. L., Gebhard, J. R., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular definition of a major cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t epitope in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Journal of Virology 1988 62:687-695 PMID:2448497 PMCID:PMC253621
- Gaffney, D. F., McLauchlan, J., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. A modular system for the assay of transcription regulatory signals - the sequence taatgarat is required for herpes-simplex virus immediate early gene activation Nucleic Acids Research 1985 13:7847-7863 DOI:10.1093/nar/13.21.7847 PMID:2999706
- McLauchlan, J., Gaffney, D., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The consensus sequence ygtgttyy located downstream from the aataaa signal is required for efficient formation of messenger-rna 3' termini Nucleic Acids Research 1985 13:1347-1368 DOI:10.1093/nar/13.4.1347 PMID:2987822
- Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. Replication origins and a sequence involved in coordinate induction of the immediate-early gene family are conserved in an intergenic region of herpes-simplex virus Nucleic Acids Research 1984 12:2061-2079 DOI:10.1093/nar/12.4.2061 PMID:6322134
- Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The junctions between the repetitive and the short unique sequences of the herpes-simplex virus genome are determined by the polypeptide-coding regions of 2 spliced immediate-early messenger-rnas Journal of General Virology 1984 65:451-466 PMID:6321634
- Whitton, J. L., Rixon, F. J., Easton, A. J., Clements, J. B. Immediate-early messenger rna-2 of herpes-simplex viruses type-1 and type-2 is unspliced - conserved sequences around the 5' and 3' termini correspond to transcription regulatory signals Nucleic Acids Research 1983 11:6271-6287 DOI:10.1093/nar/11.18.6271 PMID:6312416
- Whitton, J. L., Hundley, F., Odonnell, B., Desselberger, U. Silver staining of nucleic-acids - applications in virus research and in diagnostic virology Journal of Virological Methods 1983 7:185-198 DOI:10.1016/0166-0934(83)90008-3 PMID:6197422