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Whitton, J. Lindsay
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Whitton, J. Lindsay

Faculty Member
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Positions

  • 2017 - Professor, Immunology and Microbiology , Scripps Research
  • 1989 - Faculty Member, Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences , Scripps Research
  • 2013 - 2017 Professor, Immunology and Microbial Science (IMS) , Scripps Research
Dr. J. Lindsay Whitton studies antiviral immunity mediated by the recognition of viral peptides by host cells, the basis of immunization with plasmid DNA vaccines, and the role of the immune system in viral pathogenesis during coxsackievirus infections.

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  • lwhitton@scripps.edu

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Publications

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    • Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Garcia, S. D., Kimura, T., Whitton, J. L. A food-responsive switch modulates TFEB and autophagy, and determines susceptibility to coxsackievirus infection and pancreatitis Autophagy  2020  DOI:10.1080/15548627.2020.1720425  PMID:32019403
    • Kimura, T., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Sen, G. C., Whitton, J. L. Biphasic and cardiomyocyte-specific IFIT activity protects cardiomyocytes from enteroviral infection PLoS Pathogens  2019 15  DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007674  PMID:30958867  PMCID:PMC6453442
    • Flynn, C. T., Kimura, T., Frimpong-Boateng, K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Immunological and pathological consequences of coxsackievirus RNA persistence in the heart Virology  2017 512:104-112  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.017  PMID:28950225  PMCID:PMC5653433
    • Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo Virology  2016 498:69-81  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003  PMID:27564543  PMCID:PMC5045820
    • Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Chromosomal mapping of the αMHC-MerCreMer transgene in mice reveals a large genomic deletion Transgenic Research  2016 25:639-648  DOI:10.1007/s11248-016-9960-6  PMID:27165291
    • Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Type I IFN signaling is dispensable during secondary viral infection PLoS Pathogens  2016 12  DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005861  PMID:27580079  PMCID:PMC5006979
    • Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus can exploit LC3 in both autophagy-dependent and -independent manners in vivo Autophagy  2015 11:1389-1407  DOI:10.1080/15548627.2015.1063769  PMID:26090585  PMCID:PMC4590631
    • Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific naive CD8(+) T cells produce a single pulse of IFN-gamma in vivo within hours of infection, but without antiviral effect Journal of Immunology  2014 193:1873-1885  DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1400348  PMID:25015828  PMCID:PMC4119517
    • Althof, N., Harkins, S., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. In vivo ablation of type I interferon receptor from cardiomyocytes delays coxsackieviral clearance and accelerates myocardial disease Journal of Virology  2014 88:5087-5099  DOI:10.1128/jvi.00184-14  PMID:24574394  PMCID:PMC3993796
    • Robinson, S. M., Tsueng, G., Sin, J., Mangale, V., Rahawi, S., McIntyre, L. L., Williams, W., Kha, N., Cruz, C., Hancock, B. M., Nguyen, D. P., Sayen, M. R., et al. Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers PLoS Pathogens  2014 10:e1004045  DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004045  PMID:24722773  PMCID:PMC3983045
    • Misumi, I., Alirezaei, M., Eam, B., Su, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Whitmire, J. K. Differential T cell responses to residual viral antigen prolong CD4(+) T cell contraction following the resolution of infection Journal of Immunology  2013 191:5655-5668  DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1301215  PMID:24146043  PMCID:PMC3879805
    • Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. CD8+ memory T cells appear exhausted within hours of acute virus infection Journal of Immunology  2013 191:4211-4222  DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1300920  PMID:24026080  PMCID:PMC3795851
    • Althof, N., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 infects the bone marrow and diminishes the restorative capacity of erythroid and lymphoid progenitors Journal of Virology  2013 87:2823-2834  DOI:10.1128/jvi.03004-12  PMID:23269810  PMCID:PMC3571374
    • Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Hosking, M. P., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Wild-type coxsackievirus infection dramatically alters the abundance, heterogeneity, and immunostimulatory capacity of conventional dendritic cells in vivo Virology  2012 429:74-90  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.005  PMID:22551767  PMCID:PMC3358485
    • Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Interactions between enteroviruses and autophagy in vivo Autophagy  2012 8:973-975  DOI:10.4161/auto.20160  PMID:22705981  PMCID:PMC3427263
    • Klionsky, D. J., Abdalla, F. C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R. T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A., Ahn, H. J., Ait-Mohamed, O., et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy Autophagy  2012 8:445-544  DOI:10.4161/auto.19496  PMID:22966490  PMCID:PMC3404883
    • Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L. Pancreatic acinar cell-specific autophagy disruption reduces coxsackievirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo Cell Host & Microbe  2012 11:298-305  DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.014  PMID:22423969  PMCID:PMC3308121
    • Ruller, C. M., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Deren, D. A., Robinson, S. M., Maciejewski, S., Gluhm, S., Gilbert, P. E., An, N. L., Gude, N. A., Sussman, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Neural stem cell depletion and cns developmental defects after enteroviral infection American Journal of Pathology  2012 180:1107-1120  DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.016  PMID:22214838  PMCID:PMC3349883
    • Crocker, S. J., Bajpai, R., Moore, C. S., Frausto, R. F., Brown, G. D., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Terskikh, A. V. Intravenous administration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells attenuates cuprizone-induced central nervous system (cns) demyelination Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology  2011 37:643-653  DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01165.x  PMID:21276029  PMCID:PMC3252213
    • Tsueng, G., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Gopal, A., Ruller, C. M., Deline, S., An, N., Frausto, R. F., Milner, R., Crocker, S. J., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Coxsackievirus preferentially replicates and induces cytopathic effects in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells Journal of Virology  2011 85:5718-5732  DOI:10.1128/jvi.02261-10  PMID:21471247  PMCID:PMC3126326
    • Moore, C. S., Milner, R., Nishiyama, A., Frausto, R. F., Serwanski, D. R., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Miller, R. H., Crocker, S. J. Astrocytic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (timp-1) promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhances cns myelination Journal of Neuroscience  2011 31:6247-6254  DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.5474-10.2011  PMID:21508247  PMCID:PMC3090636
    • Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Whitton, J. L. Autophagy, inflammation and neurodegenerative disease European Journal of Neuroscience  2011 33:197-204  DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07500.x  PMID:21138487  PMCID:PMC3059259
    • Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles and megaphagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells in vivo Journal of Virology  2010 84:12110-12124  DOI:10.1128/jvi.01417-10  PMID:20861268  PMCID:PMC2976412
    • Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Kotturi, M. F., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. A multivalent vaccination strategy for the prevention of old world arenavirus infection in humans Journal of Virology  2010 84:9947-9956  DOI:10.1128/jvi.00672-10  PMID:20668086  PMCID:PMC2937778
    • Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. Type b coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems Future Microbiology  2010 5:1329-1347  DOI:10.2217/fmb.10.101  PMID:20860480  PMCID:PMC3045535
    • Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L., Kiosses, W. B. Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy Autophagy  2010 6:702-710  DOI:10.4161/auto.6.6.12376  PMID:20534972  PMCID:PMC3106288
    • Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Ruller, C. M., Bagalso, N., An, N., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Gilbert, P. E., Kiosses, W. B., Gude, N. A., Cornell, C. T., Doran, K. S., Sussman, M. A., et al. A novel population of myeloid cells responding to coxsackievirus infection assists in the dissemination of virus within the neonatal cns Journal of Neuroscience  2010 30:8676-8691  DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-10.2010  PMID:20573913  PMCID:PMC2902258
    • Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitmire, J. K., Flynn, C. T., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 inhibits antigen presentation in vivo, exerting a profound and selective effect on the mhc class i pathway PLoS Pathogens  2009 5:e1000618  DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000618  PMID:19834548  PMCID:PMC2757675
    • Feuer, R., Ruller, C. M., An, N., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Rhoades, R. E., Maciejewski, S., Pagarigan, R. R., Cornell, C. T., Crocker, S. J., Kiosses, W. B., Pham-Mitchell, N., Campbell, I. L., et al. Viral persistence and chronic immunopathology in the adult central nervous system following coxsackievirus infection during the neonatal period Journal of Virology  2009 83:9356-9369  DOI:10.1128/jvi.02382-07  PMID:19570873  PMCID:PMC2738251
    • Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Mice deficient in stem cell antigen-1 (sca1, ly-6a/e) develop normal primary and memory cd4(+) and cd8(+) t-cell responses to virus infection European Journal of Immunology  2009 39:1494-1504  DOI:10.1002/eji.200838959  PMID:19384870  PMCID:PMC2757104
    • Alirezaei, M., Fox, H. S., Flynn, C. T., Moore, C. S., Hebb, A. L. O., Frausto, R. F., Bhan, V., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L., Robertson, G. S., Crocker, S. J. Elevated ATG5 expression in autoimmune demyelination and multiple sclerosis Autophagy  2009 5:152-158  DOI:10.4161/auto.5.2.7348  PMID:19066443  PMCID:PMC2779564
    • Theil, D. J., Libbey, J. E., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Tsunoda, I., Derfuss, T. J., Fujinami, R. S. Targeting myelin proteolipid protein to the mhc class i pathway by ubiquitination modulates the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology  2008 204:92-100  DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.005  PMID:18706703  PMCID:PMC2646907
    • Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitton, J. L., Milner, R. A novel method to establish microglia-free astrocyte cultures: Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression profiles in pure cultures of astrocytes and microglia Glia  2008 56:1187-1198  DOI:10.1002/glia.20689  PMID:18449943  PMCID:PMC2776034
    • Krogstad, P., Hammon, R., Halnon, N., Whitton, J. L. Fatal neonatal myocarditis caused by a recombinant human enterovirus-b variant Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal  2008 27:668-669  DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e31816b5d2a  PMID:18536618
    • Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Increasing the CD4+ T cell precursor frequency leads to competition for IFN-gamma thereby degrading memory cell quantity and quality Journal of Immunology  2008 180:6777-6785  PMID:18453598  PMCID:PMC2788825
    • Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Enumeration and functional evaluation of virus-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in lymphoid and peripheral sites of coxsackievirus b3 infection Journal of Virology  2008 82:4331-4342  DOI:10.1128/jvi.02639-07  PMID:18305030  PMCID:PMC2293035
    • Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Tentative t cells: Memory cells are quick to respond, but slow to divide PLoS Pathogens  2008 4:e1000041  DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000041  PMID:18404208  PMCID:PMC2275797
    • Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Preferential coxsackievirus replication in proliferating/activated cells: Implications for virus tropism, persistence, and pathogenesis Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology  2008 323:149-173  PMID:18357769
    • Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Milner, R., Whitton, J. L. Amelioration of coxsackievirus b3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 American Journal of Pathology  2007 171:1762-1773  DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070179  PMID:18055551  PMCID:PMC2111101
    • Frausto, R. F., Crocker, S. J., Earn, B., Whitmire, J. K., Whitton, J. L. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and t cell responses are unaffected by immunoproteasome deficiency Journal of Neuroimmunology  2007 192:124-133  DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.024  PMID:17964666  PMCID:PMC2175388
    • Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Direct interferon-gamma signalling and cd8(+) t cell memory Journal of Immunology  2007 179:1190-1197  PMID:17617612
    • Cornell, C. T., Mosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 proteins directionally complement each other to downregulate surface major histocompatibility complex class I Journal of Virology  2007 81:6785-6797  DOI:10.1128/jvi.00198-07  PMID:17442717  PMCID:PMC1933326
    • Hunziker, I. P., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Deletions within the 5 ' utr of coxsackievirus b3: Consequences for virus translation and replication Virology  2007 360:120-128  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.041  PMID:17084431  PMCID:PMC2190293
    • Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Ting, J. P. C., Bui, H. H., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. Hla-a2-restricted protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis Journal of Virology  2007 81:2307-2317  DOI:10.1128/jvi.02063-06  PMID:17166907
    • Libbey, J. E., Tsunoda, I., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infectious rna isolated from the spinal cords of mice chronically infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus Journal of Virology  2007 81:3009-3011  DOI:10.1128/jvi.01663-06  PMID:17005653
    • Crocker, S. J., Whitmire, J. K., Frausto, R. F., Chertboonmuang, P., Soloway, P. D., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice American Journal of Pathology  2006 169:2104-2116  DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2006.060626  PMID:17148673  PMCID:PMC1762490
    • Fernandez-Borges, N., Brun, A., Whitton, J. L., Parra, B., Diaz-San Segundo, F., Salguero, F. J., Torres, J. M., Rodriguez, F. DNA vaccination can break immunological tolerance to prp in wild-type mice and attenuates prion disease after intracerebral challenge Journal of Virology  2006 80:9970-9976  DOI:10.1128/jvi.01210-06  PMID:17005675
    • Botten, J., Alexander, J., Pasquetto, V., Sidney, J., Barrowman, P., Ting, J., Peters, B., Southwood, S., Stewart, B., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Mothe, B., Whitton, J. L., et al. Identification of protective lassa virus epitopes that are restricted by hla-a2 Journal of Virology  2006 80:8351-8361  DOI:10.1128/jvi.00896-06  PMID:16912286
    • Cornell, C. T., Kiosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Inhibition of protein trafficking by coxsackievirus b3: Multiple viral proteins target a single organelle Journal of Virology  2006 80:6637-6647  DOI:10.1128/jvi.02572-05  PMID:16775351
    • Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Precursor frequency, nonlinear proliferation, and functional maturation of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells Journal of Immunology  2006 176:3028-3036  PMID:16493061
    • Fujinami, R. S., von Herrath, M. G., Christen, U., Whitton, J. L. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: Infections and autoimmune disease Clinical Microbiology Reviews  2006 19:80-94  DOI:10.1128/cmr.19.1.80-94.2006  PMID:16418524
    • Feuer, R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Peptide vaccination of mice immune to LCMV or vaccinia virus causes serious CD8 T cell-mediated, TNF-dependent immunopathology Journal of Clinical Investigation  2006 116:465-475  DOI:10.1172/jci25608  PMID:16424939
    • Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Cutting edge: Early ifn-gamma signaling directly enhances primary antivliwal cd4(+) t cell responses Journal of Immunology  2005 175:5624-5628  PMID:16237051
    • Whitton, J. L., Cornell, C. T., Feuer, R. Host and virus determinants of picornavirus pathogenesis and tropism Nature Reviews Microbiology  2005 3:765-776  DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1240  PMID:16205710
    • Nussbaum, A. K., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Benning, N., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Immunoproteasome-deficient mice mount largely normal cd8(+) t cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and DNA vaccination Journal of Immunology  2005 175:1153-1160  PMID:16002717
    • Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Nelson, M. S., Botten, J., Smith-Nixon, K., Buchmeier, M. J., Whitton, J. L. Evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding lassa virus nucleoprotein Virology  2005 335:87-98  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.019  PMID:15823608
    • Whitmire, J. K., Tan, J. T., Whitton, J. L. Interferon-gamma acts directly on cd8(+) t cells to increase their abundance during virus infection Journal of Experimental Medicine  2005 201:1053-1059  DOI:10.1084/jem.20041463  PMID:15809350  PMCID:PMC2213135
    • Feuer, R., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hunziker, I. P., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Coxsackievirus targets proliferating neuronal progenitor cells in the neonatal CNS Journal of Neuroscience  2005 25:2434-2444  DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.4517-04.2005  PMID:15745971
    • Harkins, S., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Analysis of translational initiation in coxsackievirus b3 suggests an alternative explanation for the high frequency of r+4 in the eukaryotic consensus motift Journal of Virology  2005 79:987-996  DOI:10.1128/jvi.79.2.987-996.2005  PMID:15613327
    • Whitton, J. L. Re-evaluating the in vivo cytokine responses of CD8+ T cells during primary and secondary viral infections Journal of Immunology  2005 174:5936-5940  PMID:15879085
    • Hunziker, I. P., Harkins, S., Feuer, R., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Generation and analysis of an rna vaccine that protects against coxsackievirus b3 challenge Virology  2004 330:196-208  DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.035  PMID:15527846
    • Nussbaum, A. K., Whitton, J. L. The contraction phase of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells is unaffected by a pan-caspase inhibitor Journal of Immunology  2004 173:6611-6618  PMID:15557151
    • Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Myocarditis, microbes and autoimmunity Autoimmunity  2004 37:375-386  DOI:10.1080/08916930410001713089  PMID:15621561
    • Leifert, J. A., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Targeting plasmid-encoded proteins to the antigen presentation pathways Immunological Reviews  2004 199:40-53  DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0135.x  PMID:15233725
    • Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus replication and the cell cycle: A potential regulatory mechanism for viral persistence/latency Medical Microbiology and Immunology  2004 193:83-90  DOI:10.1007/s00430-003-0192-z  PMID:12925877
    • Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Liu, F. The rapidity with which virus-specific CD8+ T cells initiate IFN-γ synthesis increases markedly over the course of infection and correlates with immunodominance Journal of Immunology  2004 173:456-462  PMID:15210805
    • Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Nussbaum, A. K., Whitmire, J. K., Liu, F. The regulation and maturation of antiviral immune responses Advances in Virus Research  2004 63:181-238  DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63003-x  PMID:15530562
    • Leifert, J. A., Holler, P. D., Harkins, S., Kranz, D. M., Whitton, J. L. The cationic region from hiv tat enhances the cell-surface expression of epitope/mhc class i complexes Gene Therapy  2003 10:2067-2073  DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3302115  PMID:14595379
    • von Herrath, M. G., Fujinami, R. S., Whitton, J. L. Microorganisms and autoimmunity: Making the barren field fertile? Nature Reviews Microbiology  2003 1:151-157  DOI:10.1038/nrmicro754  PMID:15035044
    • Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 and the neonatal cns - the roles of stem cells, developing neurons, and apoptosis in infection, viral dissemination, and disease American Journal of Pathology  2003 163:1379-1393  DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63496-7  PMID:14507646
    • Leifert, J. A., Whitton, J. L. 'Translocatory proteins' and 'protein transduction domains': A critical analysis of their biological effects and the underlying mechanisms Molecular Therapy  2003 8:13-20  DOI:10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00151-5  PMID:12842424
    • Zhang, J., Silvestri, N., Whitton, J. L., Hassett, D. E. Neonates mount robust and protective adult-like cd8(+)-t-cell responses to DNA vaccines Journal of Virology  2002 76:11911-11919  DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.23.11911-11919.2002  PMID:12414933
    • Leifert, J. A., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Full-length proteins attached to the hiv tat protein transduction domain are neither transduced between cells, nor exhibit enhanced immunogenicity Gene Therapy  2002 9:1422-1428  DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3301819  PMID:12378404
    • Whitton, J. L. Immunopathology during coxsackievirus infection Springer Seminars in Immunopathology  2002 24:201-213  DOI:10.1007/s00281-002-0100-4  PMID:12503065
    • Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Cell cycle status affects coxsackievirus replication, persistence, and reactivation in vitro Journal of Virology  2002 76:4430-4440  DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4430-4440.2002  PMID:11932410
    • Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Immunodominance in virus-induced cd8(+) t-cell responses is dramatically modified by DNA immunization and is regulated by gamma interferon Journal of Virology  2002 76:4251-4259  DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4251-4259.2002  PMID:11932390
    • Harrington, L. E., van der Most, R., Whitton, J. L., Ahmed, R. Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced t-cell immunity: Quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope Journal of Virology  2002 76:3329-3337  DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.7.3329-3337.2002  PMID:11884558
    • Whitton, J. L. Designing arenaviral vaccines Arenaviruses II  2002 263:221-238  PMID:11987816
    • Whitton, J. L. Infectious origins for chronic diseases MLO: Medical Laboratory Observer  2002 34:10-19  PMID:12442722
    • Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Redwine, J. M., de Pereda, J. M., Whitton, J. L. Cd4(+) t cells induced by a DNA vaccine: Immunological consequences of epitope-specific lysosomal targeting Journal of Virology  2001 75:10421-10430  DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.21.10421-10430.2001  PMID:11581410
    • Leifert, J. A., Lindencrona, J. A., Charo, J., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing t cell activation and antiviral protection by introducing the hiv-1 protein transduction domain into a DNA vaccine Human Gene Therapy  2001 12:1881-1892  DOI:10.1089/104303401753153938  PMID:11589830
    • Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Functional avidity maturation of cd8(+)t cells without selection of higher affinity tcr Nature Immunology  2001 2:711-717  DOI:10.1038/90650  PMID:11477407
    • Rodriguez, F., Slifka, M. K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Two overlapping subdominant epitopes identified by DNA immunization induce protective cd8(+) t-cell populations with differing cytolytic activities Journal of Virology  2001 75:7399-7409  DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.16.7399-7409.2001  PMID:11462012
    • Theil, D. J., Tsunoda, I., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses can silently prime for and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease Journal of Neurovirology  2001 7:220-227  PMID:11517396
    • Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R., Mena, I., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Using recombinant coxsackievirus b3 to evaluate the induction and protective efficacy of cd8(+) t cells during picornavirus infection Journal of Virology  2001 75:2377-2387  DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.5.2377-2387.2001  PMID:11160741
    • Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Dna immunization and central nervous system viral infection Advances in Virus Research  2001 56:243-273  PMID:11450302
    • Hassett, D. E., Slifka, M. K., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Direct ex vivo kinetic and phenotypic analyses of cd8(+) t-cell responses induced by DNA immunization Journal of Virology  2000 74:8286-8291  DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.18.8286-8291.2000  PMID:10954526
    • von Herrath, M. G., Whitton, J. L. DNA vaccination to treat autoimmune diabetes Annals of Medicine  2000 32:285-292  DOI:10.3109/07853890008995930  PMID:10949059
    • Mena, I., Fischer, C., Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection of the pancreas: Evaluation of receptor expression, pathogenesis, and immunopathology Virology  2000 271:276-288  DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0332  PMID:10860882
    • Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific regulation of t cell-mediated cytokine production Immunity  2000 12:451-457  DOI:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80197-1  PMID:10843378
    • An, L. L., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the immune responses induced by a multivalent minigene DNA vaccine Vaccine  2000 18:2132-2141  DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00546-0  PMID:10715528
    • Sevilla, N., Homann, D., von Herrath, M., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Virus-induced diabetes in a transgenic model: Role of cross-reacting viruses and quantitation of effector t cells needed to cause disease Journal of Virology  2000 74:3284-3292  DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.7.3284-3292.2000  PMID:10708445
    • Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing DNA immunization Virology  2000 268:233-238  DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0209  PMID:10704331
    • Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Slifka, M., Whitton, J. L. Immune responses following neonatal DNA vaccination are long-lived, abundant, and qualitatively similar to those induced by conventional immunization Journal of Virology  2000 74:2620-2627  DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.6.2620-2627.2000  PMID:10684276
    • Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L. Nk markers are expressed on a high percentage of virus-specific cd8(+) and cd4(+) t cells Journal of Immunology  2000 164:2009-2015  PMID:10657652
    • Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Activated and memory cd8(+) t cells can be distinguished by their cytokine profiles and phenotypic markers Journal of Immunology  2000 164:208-216  PMID:10605013
    • Xiang, R., Lode, H. N., Chao, T. H., Ruehlmann, J. M., Dolman, C. S., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Overwijk, W. W., Restifo, N. P., Reisfeld, R. A. An autologous oral DNA vaccine protects against murine melanoma Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  2000 97:5492-5497  DOI:10.1073/pnas.090097697  PMID:10779556  PMCID:PMC25856
    • Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production Journal of Molecular Medicine-JMM  2000 78:74-80  DOI:10.1007/s001090000086  PMID:10794542
    • Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Plasmid DNA vaccines are effective in the absence of ifn gamma Virology  1999 263:175-183  DOI:10.1006/viro.1999.9957  PMID:10544092
    • Mena, I., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Rodriguez, F., Gebhard, J., Whitton, J. L. The role of b lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3 infection American Journal of Pathology  1999 155:1205-1215  DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65223-6  PMID:10514403
    • Slifka, M. K., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Rapid on/off cycling of cytokine production by virus-specific cd8(+) t cells Nature  1999 401:76-79  DOI:10.1038/43454  PMID:10485708
    • Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Induction of antiviral antibodies by DNA immunization requires neither perforin-mediated nor cd8(+)-t-cell-mediated lysis of antigen-expressing cells Journal of Virology  1999 73:7870-7873  PMID:10438882  PMCID:PMC104319
    • Ochsenbein, A. F., Karrer, U., Klenerman, P., Althage, A., Ciurea, A., Shen, H., Miller, J. F., Whitton, J. L., Hengartner, H., Zinkernagel, R. M. A comparison of t cell memory against the same antigen induced by virus versus intracellular bacteria Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  1999 96:9293-9298  DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9293  PMID:10430936
    • Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: Facts and fantasies Current Opinion in Microbiology  1999 2:392-397  PMID:10458987
    • Coon, B., An, L. L., Whitton, J. L., von Herrath, M. G. DNA immunization to prevent autoimmune diabetes Journal of Clinical Investigation  1999 104:189-194  DOI:10.1172/jci7209  PMID:10411548
    • Tsunoda, I., Tolley, N. D., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Kobayashi, H., Fujinami, R. S. Exacerbation of viral and autoimmune animal models for multiple sclerosis by bacterial DNA Brain Pathology  1999 9:481-493  PMID:10416988
    • Wang, L. Y., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein causes suppression of chronic relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology  1999 96:148-157  DOI:10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00020-X  PMID:10337913
    • Oldstone, M. B. A., von Herrath, M., Lewicki, H., Hudrisier, D., Whitton, J. L., Gairin, J. E. Use of a high-affinity peptide that aborts mhc-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity against multiple viruses in vitro and virus-induced immunopathologic disease in vivo Virology  1999 256:246-257  DOI:10.1006/viro.1998.9593  PMID:10191190
    • Whitton, J. L., Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Hassett, D. E. DNA immunization: Mechanistic studies Vaccine  1999 17:1612-1619  DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00418-6  PMID:10194813
    • Lewis, A. J., Whitton, J. L., Hatalski, C. G., Weissenbock, H., Lipkin, W. I. Effect of immune priming on borna disease Journal of Virology  1999 73:2541-2546  PMID:9971840  PMCID:PMC104502
    • An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. Multivalent minigene vaccines against infectious disease Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics  1999 1:16-21  PMID:11249678
    • Akwa, Y., Hassett, D. E., Eloranta, M. L., Sandberg, K., Masliah, E., Powell, H., Whitton, J. L., Bloom, F. E., Campbell, I. L. Transgenic expression of ifn-alpha in the central nervous system of mice protects against lethal neurotropic viral infection but induces inflammation and neurodegeneration Journal of Immunology  1998 161:5016-5026  PMID:9794439
    • Henke, A., Wagner, E., Whitton, J. L., Zell, R., Stelzner, A. Protection of mice against lethal coxsackievirus b3 infection by using DNA immunization Journal of Virology  1998 72:8327-8331  PMID:9733878  PMCID:PMC110201
    • Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Lane, T., Mena, I., Asensio, V. C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis - perforin exacerbates disease, but plays no detectable role in virus clearance American Journal of Pathology  1998 153:417-428  DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65585-x  PMID:9708802
    • Tsunoda, I., Kuang, L. Q., Tolley, N. D., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) by DNA immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (plp) plasmid DNA Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology  1998 57:758-767  DOI:10.1097/00005072-199808000-00005  PMID:9720491
    • Rodriguez, F., An, L. L., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Yokoyama, M., Widera, G., Fuller, J. T., Kincaid, C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization with minigenes: Low frequency of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes and inefficient antiviral protection are rectified by ubiquitination Journal of Virology  1998 72:5174-5181  PMID:9573289  PMCID:PMC110091
    • van der Most, R. G., Murali-Krishna, K., Whitton, J. L., Oseroff, C., Alexander, J., Southwood, S., Sidney, J., Chesnut, R. W., Sette, A., Ahmed, R. Identification of d-b- and k-b-restricted subdominant cytotoxic t-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice Virology  1998 240:158-167  DOI:10.1006/viro.1997.8934  PMID:9448700
    • Whitton, J. L. An overview of antigen presentation and its central role in the immune response Antigen Presentation  1998 232:1-13  PMID:9557391
    • Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Ubiquitination of a viral protein enhances cytotoxic t-lymphocyte induction and antiviral protection but abrogates antibody induction Journal of Virology  1997 71:8497-8503  PMID:9343207  PMCID:PMC192313
    • Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Neonatal DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding an internal viral protein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies and protects against subsequent viral challenge Journal of Virology  1997 71:7881-7888  PMID:9311877  PMCID:PMC192144
    • Bell, A. F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Antisense-mediated resistance to measles virus infection in hela cells Journal of Infectious Diseases  1997 176:258-261  DOI:10.1086/517261  PMID:9207377
    • Yokoyama, M., Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization can stimulate florid local inflammation, and the antiviral immunity induced varies depending on injection site Vaccine  1997 15:553-560  DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00213-2  PMID:9160524
    • An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. A multivalent minigene vaccine, containing b-cell, cytotoxic t-lymphocyte, and t-h epitopes from several microbes, induces appropriate responses in vivo and confers protection against more than one pathogen Journal of Virology  1997 71:2292-2302  PMID:9032365  PMCID:PMC191338
    • Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Use of a nonviral vector to express a chimeric trna-ribozyme against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Cytoplasmic accumulation of a catalytically competent transcript but minimal antiviral effect Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development  1997 7:3-11  DOI:10.1089/oli.1.1997.7.3  PMID:9055033
    • Hildeman, D., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Muller, D. Vaccination protects beta(2) microglobulin deficient mice from immune mediated mortality but not from persisting viral infection Vaccine  1996 14:1223-1229  DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00028-x  PMID:8961509
    • Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization Trends in Microbiology  1996 4:307-312  DOI:10.1016/0966-842x(96)10048-2  PMID:8856868
    • Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Effects of vehicle and route of administration on the induction of protective antiviral immunity FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology  1996 14:221-230  DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00290.x  PMID:8856321
    • An, L. L., Pamer, E., Whitton, J. L. A recombinant minigene vaccine containing a nonameric cytotoxic-t-lymphocyte epitope confers limited protection against listeria monocytogenes infection Infection and Immunity  1996 64:1685-1693  PMID:8613379  PMCID:PMC173980
    • Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wang, L. Y., Fujinami, R. S. Virus encoding an encephalitogenic peptide protects mice from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology  1996 64:163-173  DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(95)00165-4  PMID:8632058
    • von Herrath, M. G., Yokoyama, M., Dockter, J., Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L. Cd4-deficient mice have reduced levels of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes after immunization and show diminished resistance to subsequent virus challenge Journal of Virology  1996 70:1072-1079  PMID:8551565  PMCID:PMC189913
    • Henke, A., Huber, S., Stelzner, A., Whitton, J. L. The role of cd8(+) t-lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis Journal of Virology  1995 69:6720-6728  PMID:7474082  PMCID:PMC189582
    • Lewicki, H. A., Vonherrath, M. G., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. CTL escape viral variants. II. Biologic activity in vivo Virology  1995 211:443-450  DOI:10.1006/viro.1995.1426  PMID:7645248
    • Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization confers protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infection Journal of Virology  1995 69:2684-2688  PMID:7884923  PMCID:PMC188955
    • Xing, Z., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Antiviral activity of rna molecules containing self-releasing ribozymes targeted to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Antisense Research and Development  1995 5:203-212  PMID:8785476
    • Whitton, J. L., Zhang, J. Principles of cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and recognition Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology  1995 202:247-259  PMID:7587366
    • Sandberg, K., Kemper, P., Stalder, A., Zhang, J., Hobbs, M. V., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Altered tissue distribution of viral replication and t-cell spreading is pivotal in the protection against fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice after neutralization of ifn-alpha/beta Journal of Immunology  1994 153:220-231  PMID:8207238
    • Doherty, P. C., Hou, S., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A., Blackman, M. A. Limiting the available t-cell receptor repertoire modifies acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunopathology Journal of Neuroimmunology  1994 51:147-152  DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(94)90076-0  PMID:8182114
    • Whitton, J. L. Antisense treatment of viral-infection Advances in Virus Research  1994 44:267-303  DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60331-0  PMID:7817875
    • Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Eddleston, M., Delatorre, J. C., McKee, T., Whitton, J. L. Vaccination to prevent persistent viral infection Journal of Virology  1993 67:4372-4378  PMID:8510226  PMCID:PMC237809
    • Sheng, N., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L., McKee, T. A rapid and simple method for determining the DNA-sequences of fragments inserted into vaccinia virus Biotechniques  1993 14:781-784  PMID:8512703
    • Zheng, X., Whitton, J. L. An anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ribozyme expressed in tissue-culture cells diminishes viral-rna levels and leads to a reduction in infectious virus yield Journal of Virology  1993 67:1840-1847  PMID:8445712  PMCID:PMC240243
    • Whitton, J. L., Sheng, N., Oldstone, M. B. A., McKee, T. A. A string-of-beads vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge Journal of Virology  1993 67:348-352  PMID:7677954  PMCID:PMC237369
    • Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wada, Y., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of autoimmune-disease using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein Journal of Neuroimmunology  1993 44:15-26  DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90263-x  PMID:7684398
    • Lewicki, H., McKee, T. A., Tishon, A., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Novel lcmv-specific h-2k restricted ctl clones recognize internal viral gene-products and cause cns disease Journal of Neuroimmunology  1992 41:15-20  DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(92)90190-v  PMID:1281166
    • Schwarz, H., Whitton, J. L. A rapid, inexpensive method for eluting DNA from agarose or acrylamide-gel slices without using toxic or chaotropic materials Biotechniques  1992 13:205-206  PMID:1389152
    • Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Geckeler, R., Lewicki, H., Whitton, J. L. A common antiviral cytotoxic lymphocyte-t epitope for diverse major histocompatibility complex haplotypes - implications for vaccination Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America  1992 89:2752-2755  DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2752  PMID:1372990
    • Muller, D., Koller, B. H., Whitton, J. L., Lapan, K. E., Brigman, K. K., Frelinger, J. A. Lcmv-specific, class-ii restricted cytotoxic t-cells in beta-2-microglobulin deficient mice Science  1992 255:1576-1578  DOI:10.1126/science.1347959  PMID:1347959
    • Xing, Z., Whitton, J. L. Ribozymes which cleave arenavirus rnas - identification of susceptible target sites and inhibition by target site secondary structure Journal of Virology  1992 66:1361-1369  PMID:1738195  PMCID:PMC240858
    • Ray, J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Rapid accumulation of measles-virus leader rna in the nucleus of infected hela-cells and human lymphoid-cells Journal of Virology  1991 65:7041-7045  PMID:1942256  PMCID:PMC250824
    • Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Vaccination and protection from a lethal viral infection: identification, incorporation, and use of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte glycoprotein epitope Virology  1990 178:393-400  DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90336-p  PMID:1699348
    • Whitton, J. L., Tishon, A., Lewicki, H., Gebhard, J., Cook, T., Salvato, M., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular analyses of a 5-amino-acid cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t (ctl) epitope - an immunodominant region which induces nonreciprocal ctl cross-reactivity Journal of Virology  1989 63:4303-4310  PMID:2476570  PMCID:PMC251046
    • Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecularly engineered vaccine which expresses an immunodominant t-cell epitope induces cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t that confer protection from lethal virus-infection Journal of Virology  1989 63:4311-4316  PMID:2476571  PMCID:PMC251047
    • Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Class-i mhc can present an endogenous peptide to cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine  1989 170:1033-1038  DOI:10.1084/jem.170.3.1033  PMID:2475568
    • Joly, E., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Polymorphism of cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t clones that recognize a defined 9-amino-acid immunodominant domain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein Journal of Virology  1989 63:1845-1851  PMID:2467990  PMCID:PMC250594
    • Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A. Fine dissection of a 9 amino-acid glycoprotein epitope, a major determinant recognized by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific class-i-restricted h-2db cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine  1988 168:559-570  DOI:10.1084/jem.168.2.559  PMID:2457647
    • Whitton, J. L., Gebhard, J. R., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular definition of a major cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t epitope in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Journal of Virology  1988 62:687-695  PMID:2448497  PMCID:PMC253621
    • Whitton, J. L., Southern, P. J., Oldstone, M. B. A. Analyses of the cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t responses to glycoprotein and nucleoprotein components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Virology  1988 162:321-327  DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90471-0  PMID:3257596
    • Gaffney, D. F., McLauchlan, J., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. A modular system for the assay of transcription regulatory signals - the sequence taatgarat is required for herpes-simplex virus immediate early gene activation Nucleic Acids Research  1985 13:7847-7863  DOI:10.1093/nar/13.21.7847  PMID:2999706
    • McLauchlan, J., Gaffney, D., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The consensus sequence ygtgttyy located downstream from the aataaa signal is required for efficient formation of messenger-rna 3' termini Nucleic Acids Research  1985 13:1347-1368  DOI:10.1093/nar/13.4.1347  PMID:2987822
    • Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. Replication origins and a sequence involved in coordinate induction of the immediate-early gene family are conserved in an intergenic region of herpes-simplex virus Nucleic Acids Research  1984 12:2061-2079  DOI:10.1093/nar/12.4.2061  PMID:6322134
    • Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The junctions between the repetitive and the short unique sequences of the herpes-simplex virus genome are determined by the polypeptide-coding regions of 2 spliced immediate-early messenger-rnas Journal of General Virology  1984 65:451-466  PMID:6321634
    • Whitton, J. L., Rixon, F. J., Easton, A. J., Clements, J. B. Immediate-early messenger rna-2 of herpes-simplex viruses type-1 and type-2 is unspliced - conserved sequences around the 5' and 3' termini correspond to transcription regulatory signals Nucleic Acids Research  1983 11:6271-6287  DOI:10.1093/nar/11.18.6271  PMID:6312416
    • Whitton, J. L., Hundley, F., Odonnell, B., Desselberger, U. Silver staining of nucleic-acids - applications in virus research and in diagnostic virology Journal of Virological Methods  1983 7:185-198  DOI:10.1016/0166-0934(83)90008-3  PMID:6197422
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Research

research overview

  • Viral Pathogenesis and Antiviral Immunity

    My lab's research focuses on making life as difficult for viruses as they do for us. To this end, we work on: (i) antiviral immunity (how does the infected host control infection, & how do antiviral vaccines work?); and (ii) viral pathogenesis (how do viruses cause disease?). Most immune responses recognize short stretches of microbial protein, and T lymphocytes see peptides of around 9-16 amino acids in length. Our work on regulation of antiviral T cells has shown that these cells initiate and terminate their effector functions within moments of encountering the relevant peptide antigen. Our vaccine studies have shown that these short immunogenic peptides can be linked end to end in a "string of beads", resulting in a vaccine which, in one shot, can confer immunity against several pathogens. We are currently analyzing plasmid DNA vaccines, which work rather well, but whose underlying mechanisms remain unclear. For our studies on pathogenesis we employ coxsackievirus, which is a common cause of myocarditis (heart disease); we are evaluating the role of the immune system in this disease, and have found that we can interrupt certain components of the immune response, to relieve myocarditis without compromising the ability of the host to eradicate the infection.
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Teaching

advisees

  • graduate advising relationship

    • Liu, Fei, 2001 - 2005
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Background

education and training

  • Ph.D. in Immunology, University of Glasgow 1984
  • M.D. in Medicine, University of Glasgow 1979

awards and honors

  • Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, conferred by American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2012
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Contact

full name

  • James Lindsay Whitton

geographic location

  • Scripps California 

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