recent publications
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academic article
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Garcia, S. D., Kimura, T., Whitton, J. L. A food-responsive switch modulates TFEB and autophagy, and determines susceptibility to coxsackievirus infection and pancreatitis Autophagy 2020 DOI:10.1080/15548627.2020.1720425 PMID:32019403
- Kimura, T., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Sen, G. C., Whitton, J. L. Biphasic and cardiomyocyte-specific IFIT activity protects cardiomyocytes from enteroviral infection PLoS Pathogens 2019 15 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007674 PMID:30958867 PMCID:PMC6453442
- Flynn, C. T., Kimura, T., Frimpong-Boateng, K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Immunological and pathological consequences of coxsackievirus RNA persistence in the heart Virology 2017 512:104-112 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.017 PMID:28950225 PMCID:PMC5653433
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. TCR independent suppression of CD8(+) T cell cytokine production mediated by IFNγ in vivo Virology 2016 498:69-81 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.003 PMID:27564543 PMCID:PMC5045820
- Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Chromosomal mapping of the αMHC-MerCreMer transgene in mice reveals a large genomic deletion Transgenic Research 2016 25:639-648 DOI:10.1007/s11248-016-9960-6 PMID:27165291
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Type I IFN signaling is dispensable during secondary viral infection PLoS Pathogens 2016 12 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005861 PMID:27580079 PMCID:PMC5006979
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus can exploit LC3 in both autophagy-dependent and -independent manners in vivo Autophagy 2015 11:1389-1407 DOI:10.1080/15548627.2015.1063769 PMID:26090585 PMCID:PMC4590631
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific naive CD8(+) T cells produce a single pulse of IFN-gamma in vivo within hours of infection, but without antiviral effect Journal of Immunology 2014 193:1873-1885 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1400348 PMID:25015828 PMCID:PMC4119517
- Althof, N., Harkins, S., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. In vivo ablation of type I interferon receptor from cardiomyocytes delays coxsackieviral clearance and accelerates myocardial disease Journal of Virology 2014 88:5087-5099 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00184-14 PMID:24574394 PMCID:PMC3993796
- Robinson, S. M., Tsueng, G., Sin, J., Mangale, V., Rahawi, S., McIntyre, L. L., Williams, W., Kha, N., Cruz, C., Hancock, B. M., Nguyen, D. P., Sayen, M. R., et al. Coxsackievirus B exits the host cell in shed microvesicles displaying autophagosomal markers PLoS Pathogens 2014 10:e1004045 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004045 PMID:24722773 PMCID:PMC3983045
- Misumi, I., Alirezaei, M., Eam, B., Su, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Whitmire, J. K. Differential T cell responses to residual viral antigen prolong CD4(+) T cell contraction following the resolution of infection Journal of Immunology 2013 191:5655-5668 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1301215 PMID:24146043 PMCID:PMC3879805
- Hosking, M. P., Flynn, C. T., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. CD8+ memory T cells appear exhausted within hours of acute virus infection Journal of Immunology 2013 191:4211-4222 DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.1300920 PMID:24026080 PMCID:PMC3795851
- Althof, N., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 infects the bone marrow and diminishes the restorative capacity of erythroid and lymphoid progenitors Journal of Virology 2013 87:2823-2834 DOI:10.1128/jvi.03004-12 PMID:23269810 PMCID:PMC3571374
- Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Hosking, M. P., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Wild-type coxsackievirus infection dramatically alters the abundance, heterogeneity, and immunostimulatory capacity of conventional dendritic cells in vivo Virology 2012 429:74-90 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.005 PMID:22551767 PMCID:PMC3358485
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Interactions between enteroviruses and autophagy in vivo Autophagy 2012 8:973-975 DOI:10.4161/auto.20160 PMID:22705981 PMCID:PMC3427263
- Klionsky, D. J., Abdalla, F. C., Abeliovich, H., Abraham, R. T., Acevedo-Arozena, A., Adeli, K., Agholme, L., Agnello, M., Agostinis, P., Aguirre-Ghiso, J. A., Ahn, H. J., Ait-Mohamed, O., et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy Autophagy 2012 8:445-544 DOI:10.4161/auto.19496 PMID:22966490 PMCID:PMC3404883
- Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L. Pancreatic acinar cell-specific autophagy disruption reduces coxsackievirus replication and pathogenesis in vivo Cell Host & Microbe 2012 11:298-305 DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2012.01.014 PMID:22423969 PMCID:PMC3308121
- Ruller, C. M., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Deren, D. A., Robinson, S. M., Maciejewski, S., Gluhm, S., Gilbert, P. E., An, N. L., Gude, N. A., Sussman, M. A., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Neural stem cell depletion and cns developmental defects after enteroviral infection American Journal of Pathology 2012 180:1107-1120 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.11.016 PMID:22214838 PMCID:PMC3349883
- Crocker, S. J., Bajpai, R., Moore, C. S., Frausto, R. F., Brown, G. D., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Terskikh, A. V. Intravenous administration of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells attenuates cuprizone-induced central nervous system (cns) demyelination Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 2011 37:643-653 DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01165.x PMID:21276029 PMCID:PMC3252213
- Tsueng, G., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Gopal, A., Ruller, C. M., Deline, S., An, N., Frausto, R. F., Milner, R., Crocker, S. J., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Coxsackievirus preferentially replicates and induces cytopathic effects in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells Journal of Virology 2011 85:5718-5732 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02261-10 PMID:21471247 PMCID:PMC3126326
- Moore, C. S., Milner, R., Nishiyama, A., Frausto, R. F., Serwanski, D. R., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Miller, R. H., Crocker, S. J. Astrocytic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (timp-1) promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhances cns myelination Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31:6247-6254 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.5474-10.2011 PMID:21508247 PMCID:PMC3090636
- Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Whitton, J. L. Autophagy, inflammation and neurodegenerative disease European Journal of Neuroscience 2011 33:197-204 DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07500.x PMID:21138487 PMCID:PMC3059259
- Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Harkins, S., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection induces autophagy-like vesicles and megaphagosomes in pancreatic acinar cells in vivo Journal of Virology 2010 84:12110-12124 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01417-10 PMID:20861268 PMCID:PMC2976412
- Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Kotturi, M. F., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. A multivalent vaccination strategy for the prevention of old world arenavirus infection in humans Journal of Virology 2010 84:9947-9956 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00672-10 PMID:20668086 PMCID:PMC2937778
- Kemball, C. C., Alirezaei, M., Whitton, J. L. Type b coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems Future Microbiology 2010 5:1329-1347 DOI:10.2217/fmb.10.101 PMID:20860480 PMCID:PMC3045535
- Alirezaei, M., Kemball, C. C., Flynn, C. T., Wood, M. R., Whitton, J. L., Kiosses, W. B. Short-term fasting induces profound neuronal autophagy Autophagy 2010 6:702-710 DOI:10.4161/auto.6.6.12376 PMID:20534972 PMCID:PMC3106288
- Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Ruller, C. M., Bagalso, N., An, N., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Gilbert, P. E., Kiosses, W. B., Gude, N. A., Cornell, C. T., Doran, K. S., Sussman, M. A., et al. A novel population of myeloid cells responding to coxsackievirus infection assists in the dissemination of virus within the neonatal cns Journal of Neuroscience 2010 30:8676-8691 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.1860-10.2010 PMID:20573913 PMCID:PMC2902258
- Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitmire, J. K., Flynn, C. T., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 inhibits antigen presentation in vivo, exerting a profound and selective effect on the mhc class i pathway PLoS Pathogens 2009 5:e1000618 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000618 PMID:19834548 PMCID:PMC2757675
- Feuer, R., Ruller, C. M., An, N., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Rhoades, R. E., Maciejewski, S., Pagarigan, R. R., Cornell, C. T., Crocker, S. J., Kiosses, W. B., Pham-Mitchell, N., Campbell, I. L., et al. Viral persistence and chronic immunopathology in the adult central nervous system following coxsackievirus infection during the neonatal period Journal of Virology 2009 83:9356-9369 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02382-07 PMID:19570873 PMCID:PMC2738251
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Mice deficient in stem cell antigen-1 (sca1, ly-6a/e) develop normal primary and memory cd4(+) and cd8(+) t-cell responses to virus infection European Journal of Immunology 2009 39:1494-1504 DOI:10.1002/eji.200838959 PMID:19384870 PMCID:PMC2757104
- Alirezaei, M., Fox, H. S., Flynn, C. T., Moore, C. S., Hebb, A. L. O., Frausto, R. F., Bhan, V., Kiosses, W. B., Whitton, J. L., Robertson, G. S., Crocker, S. J. Elevated ATG5 expression in autoimmune demyelination and multiple sclerosis Autophagy 2009 5:152-158 DOI:10.4161/auto.5.2.7348 PMID:19066443 PMCID:PMC2779564
- Theil, D. J., Libbey, J. E., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Tsunoda, I., Derfuss, T. J., Fujinami, R. S. Targeting myelin proteolipid protein to the mhc class i pathway by ubiquitination modulates the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 2008 204:92-100 DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.07.005 PMID:18706703 PMCID:PMC2646907
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitton, J. L., Milner, R. A novel method to establish microglia-free astrocyte cultures: Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression profiles in pure cultures of astrocytes and microglia Glia 2008 56:1187-1198 DOI:10.1002/glia.20689 PMID:18449943 PMCID:PMC2776034
- Krogstad, P., Hammon, R., Halnon, N., Whitton, J. L. Fatal neonatal myocarditis caused by a recombinant human enterovirus-b variant Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2008 27:668-669 DOI:10.1097/INF.0b013e31816b5d2a PMID:18536618
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Increasing the CD4+ T cell precursor frequency leads to competition for IFN-gamma thereby degrading memory cell quantity and quality Journal of Immunology 2008 180:6777-6785 PMID:18453598 PMCID:PMC2788825
- Kemball, C. C., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Enumeration and functional evaluation of virus-specific cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in lymphoid and peripheral sites of coxsackievirus b3 infection Journal of Virology 2008 82:4331-4342 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02639-07 PMID:18305030 PMCID:PMC2293035
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Whitton, J. L. Tentative t cells: Memory cells are quick to respond, but slow to divide PLoS Pathogens 2008 4:e1000041 DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000041 PMID:18404208 PMCID:PMC2275797
- Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Preferential coxsackievirus replication in proliferating/activated cells: Implications for virus tropism, persistence, and pathogenesis Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 2008 323:149-173 PMID:18357769
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Milner, R., Whitton, J. L. Amelioration of coxsackievirus b3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 American Journal of Pathology 2007 171:1762-1773 DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070179 PMID:18055551 PMCID:PMC2111101
- Frausto, R. F., Crocker, S. J., Earn, B., Whitmire, J. K., Whitton, J. L. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and t cell responses are unaffected by immunoproteasome deficiency Journal of Neuroimmunology 2007 192:124-133 DOI:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.024 PMID:17964666 PMCID:PMC2175388
- Whitmire, J. K., Eam, B., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Direct interferon-gamma signalling and cd8(+) t cell memory Journal of Immunology 2007 179:1190-1197 PMID:17617612
- Cornell, C. T., Mosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus B3 proteins directionally complement each other to downregulate surface major histocompatibility complex class I Journal of Virology 2007 81:6785-6797 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00198-07 PMID:17442717 PMCID:PMC1933326
- Hunziker, I. P., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Deletions within the 5 ' utr of coxsackievirus b3: Consequences for virus translation and replication Virology 2007 360:120-128 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.041 PMID:17084431 PMCID:PMC2190293
- Botten, J., Whitton, J. L., Barrowman, P., Sidney, J., Whitmire, J. K., Alexander, J., Ting, J. P. C., Bui, H. H., Sette, A., Buchmeier, M. J. Hla-a2-restricted protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis Journal of Virology 2007 81:2307-2317 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02063-06 PMID:17166907
- Libbey, J. E., Tsunoda, I., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infectious rna isolated from the spinal cords of mice chronically infected with theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus Journal of Virology 2007 81:3009-3011 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01663-06 PMID:17005653
- Crocker, S. J., Whitmire, J. K., Frausto, R. F., Chertboonmuang, P., Soloway, P. D., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice American Journal of Pathology 2006 169:2104-2116 DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2006.060626 PMID:17148673 PMCID:PMC1762490
- Fernandez-Borges, N., Brun, A., Whitton, J. L., Parra, B., Diaz-San Segundo, F., Salguero, F. J., Torres, J. M., Rodriguez, F. DNA vaccination can break immunological tolerance to prp in wild-type mice and attenuates prion disease after intracerebral challenge Journal of Virology 2006 80:9970-9976 DOI:10.1128/jvi.01210-06 PMID:17005675
- Botten, J., Alexander, J., Pasquetto, V., Sidney, J., Barrowman, P., Ting, J., Peters, B., Southwood, S., Stewart, B., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Mothe, B., Whitton, J. L., et al. Identification of protective lassa virus epitopes that are restricted by hla-a2 Journal of Virology 2006 80:8351-8361 DOI:10.1128/jvi.00896-06 PMID:16912286
- Cornell, C. T., Kiosses, W. B., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Inhibition of protein trafficking by coxsackievirus b3: Multiple viral proteins target a single organelle Journal of Virology 2006 80:6637-6647 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02572-05 PMID:16775351
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Precursor frequency, nonlinear proliferation, and functional maturation of virus-specific CD4(+) T cells Journal of Immunology 2006 176:3028-3036 PMID:16493061
- Fujinami, R. S., von Herrath, M. G., Christen, U., Whitton, J. L. Molecular mimicry, bystander activation, or viral persistence: Infections and autoimmune disease Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006 19:80-94 DOI:10.1128/cmr.19.1.80-94.2006 PMID:16418524
- Feuer, R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Peptide vaccination of mice immune to LCMV or vaccinia virus causes serious CD8 T cell-mediated, TNF-dependent immunopathology Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116:465-475 DOI:10.1172/jci25608 PMID:16424939
- Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Whitton, J. L. Cutting edge: Early ifn-gamma signaling directly enhances primary antivliwal cd4(+) t cell responses Journal of Immunology 2005 175:5624-5628 PMID:16237051
- Whitton, J. L., Cornell, C. T., Feuer, R. Host and virus determinants of picornavirus pathogenesis and tropism Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005 3:765-776 DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1240 PMID:16205710
- Nussbaum, A. K., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Benning, N., Botten, J., Whitton, J. L. Immunoproteasome-deficient mice mount largely normal cd8(+) t cell responses to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and DNA vaccination Journal of Immunology 2005 175:1153-1160 PMID:16002717
- Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Nelson, M. S., Botten, J., Smith-Nixon, K., Buchmeier, M. J., Whitton, J. L. Evaluating the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding lassa virus nucleoprotein Virology 2005 335:87-98 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2005.01.019 PMID:15823608
- Whitmire, J. K., Tan, J. T., Whitton, J. L. Interferon-gamma acts directly on cd8(+) t cells to increase their abundance during virus infection Journal of Experimental Medicine 2005 201:1053-1059 DOI:10.1084/jem.20041463 PMID:15809350 PMCID:PMC2213135
- Feuer, R., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hunziker, I. P., Whitton, J. L., Liu, F. Coxsackievirus targets proliferating neuronal progenitor cells in the neonatal CNS Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25:2434-2444 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.4517-04.2005 PMID:15745971
- Harkins, S., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Analysis of translational initiation in coxsackievirus b3 suggests an alternative explanation for the high frequency of r+4 in the eukaryotic consensus motift Journal of Virology 2005 79:987-996 DOI:10.1128/jvi.79.2.987-996.2005 PMID:15613327
- Whitton, J. L. Re-evaluating the in vivo cytokine responses of CD8+ T cells during primary and secondary viral infections Journal of Immunology 2005 174:5936-5940 PMID:15879085
- Hunziker, I. P., Harkins, S., Feuer, R., Cornell, C. T., Whitton, J. L. Generation and analysis of an rna vaccine that protects against coxsackievirus b3 challenge Virology 2004 330:196-208 DOI:10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.035 PMID:15527846
- Nussbaum, A. K., Whitton, J. L. The contraction phase of virus-specific cd8(+) t cells is unaffected by a pan-caspase inhibitor Journal of Immunology 2004 173:6611-6618 PMID:15557151
- Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Myocarditis, microbes and autoimmunity Autoimmunity 2004 37:375-386 DOI:10.1080/08916930410001713089 PMID:15621561
- Leifert, J. A., Rodriguez-Carreno, M. P., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Targeting plasmid-encoded proteins to the antigen presentation pathways Immunological Reviews 2004 199:40-53 DOI:10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0135.x PMID:15233725
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus replication and the cell cycle: A potential regulatory mechanism for viral persistence/latency Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2004 193:83-90 DOI:10.1007/s00430-003-0192-z PMID:12925877
- Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Liu, F. The rapidity with which virus-specific CD8+ T cells initiate IFN-γ synthesis increases markedly over the course of infection and correlates with immunodominance Journal of Immunology 2004 173:456-462 PMID:15210805
- Whitton, J. L., Slifka, M. K., Nussbaum, A. K., Whitmire, J. K., Liu, F. The regulation and maturation of antiviral immune responses Advances in Virus Research 2004 63:181-238 DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63003-x PMID:15530562
- Leifert, J. A., Holler, P. D., Harkins, S., Kranz, D. M., Whitton, J. L. The cationic region from hiv tat enhances the cell-surface expression of epitope/mhc class i complexes Gene Therapy 2003 10:2067-2073 DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3302115 PMID:14595379
- von Herrath, M. G., Fujinami, R. S., Whitton, J. L. Microorganisms and autoimmunity: Making the barren field fertile? Nature Reviews Microbiology 2003 1:151-157 DOI:10.1038/nrmicro754 PMID:15035044
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R. R., Harkins, S., Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3 and the neonatal cns - the roles of stem cells, developing neurons, and apoptosis in infection, viral dissemination, and disease American Journal of Pathology 2003 163:1379-1393 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63496-7 PMID:14507646
- Leifert, J. A., Whitton, J. L. 'Translocatory proteins' and 'protein transduction domains': A critical analysis of their biological effects and the underlying mechanisms Molecular Therapy 2003 8:13-20 DOI:10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00151-5 PMID:12842424
- Zhang, J., Silvestri, N., Whitton, J. L., Hassett, D. E. Neonates mount robust and protective adult-like cd8(+)-t-cell responses to DNA vaccines Journal of Virology 2002 76:11911-11919 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.23.11911-11919.2002 PMID:12414933
- Leifert, J. A., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Full-length proteins attached to the hiv tat protein transduction domain are neither transduced between cells, nor exhibit enhanced immunogenicity Gene Therapy 2002 9:1422-1428 DOI:10.1038/sj.gt.3301819 PMID:12378404
- Whitton, J. L. Immunopathology during coxsackievirus infection Springer Seminars in Immunopathology 2002 24:201-213 DOI:10.1007/s00281-002-0100-4 PMID:12503065
- Feuer, R., Mena, I., Pagarigan, R., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Cell cycle status affects coxsackievirus replication, persistence, and reactivation in vitro Journal of Virology 2002 76:4430-4440 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4430-4440.2002 PMID:11932410
- Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Immunodominance in virus-induced cd8(+) t-cell responses is dramatically modified by DNA immunization and is regulated by gamma interferon Journal of Virology 2002 76:4251-4259 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.9.4251-4259.2002 PMID:11932390
- Harrington, L. E., van der Most, R., Whitton, J. L., Ahmed, R. Recombinant vaccinia virus-induced t-cell immunity: Quantitation of the response to the virus vector and the foreign epitope Journal of Virology 2002 76:3329-3337 DOI:10.1128/jvi.76.7.3329-3337.2002 PMID:11884558
- Whitton, J. L. Designing arenaviral vaccines Arenaviruses II 2002 263:221-238 PMID:11987816
- Whitton, J. L. Infectious origins for chronic diseases MLO: Medical Laboratory Observer 2002 34:10-19 PMID:12442722
- Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Redwine, J. M., de Pereda, J. M., Whitton, J. L. Cd4(+) t cells induced by a DNA vaccine: Immunological consequences of epitope-specific lysosomal targeting Journal of Virology 2001 75:10421-10430 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.21.10421-10430.2001 PMID:11581410
- Leifert, J. A., Lindencrona, J. A., Charo, J., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing t cell activation and antiviral protection by introducing the hiv-1 protein transduction domain into a DNA vaccine Human Gene Therapy 2001 12:1881-1892 DOI:10.1089/104303401753153938 PMID:11589830
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Functional avidity maturation of cd8(+)t cells without selection of higher affinity tcr Nature Immunology 2001 2:711-717 DOI:10.1038/90650 PMID:11477407
- Rodriguez, F., Slifka, M. K., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Two overlapping subdominant epitopes identified by DNA immunization induce protective cd8(+) t-cell populations with differing cytolytic activities Journal of Virology 2001 75:7399-7409 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.16.7399-7409.2001 PMID:11462012
- Theil, D. J., Tsunoda, I., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses can silently prime for and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease Journal of Neurovirology 2001 7:220-227 PMID:11517396
- Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R., Mena, I., Feuer, R., Whitton, J. L. Using recombinant coxsackievirus b3 to evaluate the induction and protective efficacy of cd8(+) t cells during picornavirus infection Journal of Virology 2001 75:2377-2387 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.5.2377-2387.2001 PMID:11160741
- Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Dna immunization and central nervous system viral infection Advances in Virus Research 2001 56:243-273 PMID:11450302
- Hassett, D. E., Slifka, M. K., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Direct ex vivo kinetic and phenotypic analyses of cd8(+) t-cell responses induced by DNA immunization Journal of Virology 2000 74:8286-8291 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.18.8286-8291.2000 PMID:10954526
- von Herrath, M. G., Whitton, J. L. DNA vaccination to treat autoimmune diabetes Annals of Medicine 2000 32:285-292 DOI:10.3109/07853890008995930 PMID:10949059
- Mena, I., Fischer, C., Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus infection of the pancreas: Evaluation of receptor expression, pathogenesis, and immunopathology Virology 2000 271:276-288 DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0332 PMID:10860882
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Antigen-specific regulation of t cell-mediated cytokine production Immunity 2000 12:451-457 DOI:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80197-1 PMID:10843378
- An, L. L., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the immune responses induced by a multivalent minigene DNA vaccine Vaccine 2000 18:2132-2141 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00546-0 PMID:10715528
- Sevilla, N., Homann, D., von Herrath, M., Rodriguez, F., Harkins, S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Virus-induced diabetes in a transgenic model: Role of cross-reacting viruses and quantitation of effector t cells needed to cause disease Journal of Virology 2000 74:3284-3292 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.7.3284-3292.2000 PMID:10708445
- Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Enhancing DNA immunization Virology 2000 268:233-238 DOI:10.1006/viro.2000.0209 PMID:10704331
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Slifka, M., Whitton, J. L. Immune responses following neonatal DNA vaccination are long-lived, abundant, and qualitatively similar to those induced by conventional immunization Journal of Virology 2000 74:2620-2627 DOI:10.1128/jvi.74.6.2620-2627.2000 PMID:10684276
- Slifka, M. K., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L. Nk markers are expressed on a high percentage of virus-specific cd8(+) and cd4(+) t cells Journal of Immunology 2000 164:2009-2015 PMID:10657652
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Activated and memory cd8(+) t cells can be distinguished by their cytokine profiles and phenotypic markers Journal of Immunology 2000 164:208-216 PMID:10605013
- Xiang, R., Lode, H. N., Chao, T. H., Ruehlmann, J. M., Dolman, C. S., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L., Overwijk, W. W., Restifo, N. P., Reisfeld, R. A. An autologous oral DNA vaccine protects against murine melanoma Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97:5492-5497 DOI:10.1073/pnas.090097697 PMID:10779556 PMCID:PMC25856
- Slifka, M. K., Whitton, J. L. Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production Journal of Molecular Medicine-JMM 2000 78:74-80 DOI:10.1007/s001090000086 PMID:10794542
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Plasmid DNA vaccines are effective in the absence of ifn gamma Virology 1999 263:175-183 DOI:10.1006/viro.1999.9957 PMID:10544092
- Mena, I., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Rodriguez, F., Gebhard, J., Whitton, J. L. The role of b lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3 infection American Journal of Pathology 1999 155:1205-1215 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65223-6 PMID:10514403
- Slifka, M. K., Rodriguez, F., Whitton, J. L. Rapid on/off cycling of cytokine production by virus-specific cd8(+) t cells Nature 1999 401:76-79 DOI:10.1038/43454 PMID:10485708
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Induction of antiviral antibodies by DNA immunization requires neither perforin-mediated nor cd8(+)-t-cell-mediated lysis of antigen-expressing cells Journal of Virology 1999 73:7870-7873 PMID:10438882 PMCID:PMC104319
- Ochsenbein, A. F., Karrer, U., Klenerman, P., Althage, A., Ciurea, A., Shen, H., Miller, J. F., Whitton, J. L., Hengartner, H., Zinkernagel, R. M. A comparison of t cell memory against the same antigen induced by virus versus intracellular bacteria Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999 96:9293-9298 DOI:10.1073/pnas.96.16.9293 PMID:10430936
- Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Viruses as triggers of autoimmunity: Facts and fantasies Current Opinion in Microbiology 1999 2:392-397 PMID:10458987
- Coon, B., An, L. L., Whitton, J. L., von Herrath, M. G. DNA immunization to prevent autoimmune diabetes Journal of Clinical Investigation 1999 104:189-194 DOI:10.1172/jci7209 PMID:10411548
- Tsunoda, I., Tolley, N. D., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Kobayashi, H., Fujinami, R. S. Exacerbation of viral and autoimmune animal models for multiple sclerosis by bacterial DNA Brain Pathology 1999 9:481-493 PMID:10416988
- Wang, L. Y., Theil, D. J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Infection with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein causes suppression of chronic relapsing-remitting experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 1999 96:148-157 DOI:10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00020-X PMID:10337913
- Oldstone, M. B. A., von Herrath, M., Lewicki, H., Hudrisier, D., Whitton, J. L., Gairin, J. E. Use of a high-affinity peptide that aborts mhc-restricted cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity against multiple viruses in vitro and virus-induced immunopathologic disease in vivo Virology 1999 256:246-257 DOI:10.1006/viro.1998.9593 PMID:10191190
- Whitton, J. L., Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Hassett, D. E. DNA immunization: Mechanistic studies Vaccine 1999 17:1612-1619 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00418-6 PMID:10194813
- Lewis, A. J., Whitton, J. L., Hatalski, C. G., Weissenbock, H., Lipkin, W. I. Effect of immune priming on borna disease Journal of Virology 1999 73:2541-2546 PMID:9971840 PMCID:PMC104502
- An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. Multivalent minigene vaccines against infectious disease Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics 1999 1:16-21 PMID:11249678
- Akwa, Y., Hassett, D. E., Eloranta, M. L., Sandberg, K., Masliah, E., Powell, H., Whitton, J. L., Bloom, F. E., Campbell, I. L. Transgenic expression of ifn-alpha in the central nervous system of mice protects against lethal neurotropic viral infection but induces inflammation and neurodegeneration Journal of Immunology 1998 161:5016-5026 PMID:9794439
- Henke, A., Wagner, E., Whitton, J. L., Zell, R., Stelzner, A. Protection of mice against lethal coxsackievirus b3 infection by using DNA immunization Journal of Virology 1998 72:8327-8331 PMID:9733878 PMCID:PMC110201
- Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Harkins, S., Lane, T., Mena, I., Asensio, V. C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. Coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis - perforin exacerbates disease, but plays no detectable role in virus clearance American Journal of Pathology 1998 153:417-428 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65585-x PMID:9708802
- Tsunoda, I., Kuang, L. Q., Tolley, N. D., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (eae) by DNA immunization with myelin proteolipid protein (plp) plasmid DNA Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1998 57:758-767 DOI:10.1097/00005072-199808000-00005 PMID:9720491
- Rodriguez, F., An, L. L., Harkins, S., Zhang, J., Yokoyama, M., Widera, G., Fuller, J. T., Kincaid, C., Campbell, I. L., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization with minigenes: Low frequency of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes and inefficient antiviral protection are rectified by ubiquitination Journal of Virology 1998 72:5174-5181 PMID:9573289 PMCID:PMC110091
- van der Most, R. G., Murali-Krishna, K., Whitton, J. L., Oseroff, C., Alexander, J., Southwood, S., Sidney, J., Chesnut, R. W., Sette, A., Ahmed, R. Identification of d-b- and k-b-restricted subdominant cytotoxic t-cell responses in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infected mice Virology 1998 240:158-167 DOI:10.1006/viro.1997.8934 PMID:9448700
- Whitton, J. L. An overview of antigen presentation and its central role in the immune response Antigen Presentation 1998 232:1-13 PMID:9557391
- Rodriguez, F., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Ubiquitination of a viral protein enhances cytotoxic t-lymphocyte induction and antiviral protection but abrogates antibody induction Journal of Virology 1997 71:8497-8503 PMID:9343207 PMCID:PMC192313
- Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. Neonatal DNA immunization with a plasmid encoding an internal viral protein is effective in the presence of maternal antibodies and protects against subsequent viral challenge Journal of Virology 1997 71:7881-7888 PMID:9311877 PMCID:PMC192144
- Bell, A. F., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Antisense-mediated resistance to measles virus infection in hela cells Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997 176:258-261 DOI:10.1086/517261 PMID:9207377
- Yokoyama, M., Hassett, D. E., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization can stimulate florid local inflammation, and the antiviral immunity induced varies depending on injection site Vaccine 1997 15:553-560 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(97)00213-2 PMID:9160524
- An, L. L., Whitton, J. L. A multivalent minigene vaccine, containing b-cell, cytotoxic t-lymphocyte, and t-h epitopes from several microbes, induces appropriate responses in vivo and confers protection against more than one pathogen Journal of Virology 1997 71:2292-2302 PMID:9032365 PMCID:PMC191338
- Gebhard, J. R., Perry, C. M., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Use of a nonviral vector to express a chimeric trna-ribozyme against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: Cytoplasmic accumulation of a catalytically competent transcript but minimal antiviral effect Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 1997 7:3-11 DOI:10.1089/oli.1.1997.7.3 PMID:9055033
- Hildeman, D., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Muller, D. Vaccination protects beta(2) microglobulin deficient mice from immune mediated mortality but not from persisting viral infection Vaccine 1996 14:1223-1229 DOI:10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00028-x PMID:8961509
- Hassett, D. E., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization Trends in Microbiology 1996 4:307-312 DOI:10.1016/0966-842x(96)10048-2 PMID:8856868
- Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization: Effects of vehicle and route of administration on the induction of protective antiviral immunity FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 1996 14:221-230 DOI:10.1111/j.1574-695X.1996.tb00290.x PMID:8856321
- An, L. L., Pamer, E., Whitton, J. L. A recombinant minigene vaccine containing a nonameric cytotoxic-t-lymphocyte epitope confers limited protection against listeria monocytogenes infection Infection and Immunity 1996 64:1685-1693 PMID:8613379 PMCID:PMC173980
- Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wang, L. Y., Fujinami, R. S. Virus encoding an encephalitogenic peptide protects mice from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis Journal of Neuroimmunology 1996 64:163-173 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(95)00165-4 PMID:8632058
- von Herrath, M. G., Yokoyama, M., Dockter, J., Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L. Cd4-deficient mice have reduced levels of memory cytotoxic t lymphocytes after immunization and show diminished resistance to subsequent virus challenge Journal of Virology 1996 70:1072-1079 PMID:8551565 PMCID:PMC189913
- Henke, A., Huber, S., Stelzner, A., Whitton, J. L. The role of cd8(+) t-lymphocytes in coxsackievirus b3-induced myocarditis Journal of Virology 1995 69:6720-6728 PMID:7474082 PMCID:PMC189582
- Lewicki, H. A., Vonherrath, M. G., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. CTL escape viral variants. II. Biologic activity in vivo Virology 1995 211:443-450 DOI:10.1006/viro.1995.1426 PMID:7645248
- Yokoyama, M., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L. DNA immunization confers protection against lethal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-infection Journal of Virology 1995 69:2684-2688 PMID:7884923 PMCID:PMC188955
- Xing, Z., Mahadeviah, S., Whitton, J. L. Antiviral activity of rna molecules containing self-releasing ribozymes targeted to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Antisense Research and Development 1995 5:203-212 PMID:8785476
- Whitton, J. L., Zhang, J. Principles of cytotoxic T lymphocyte induction and recognition Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 1995 202:247-259 PMID:7587366
- Sandberg, K., Kemper, P., Stalder, A., Zhang, J., Hobbs, M. V., Whitton, J. L., Campbell, I. L. Altered tissue distribution of viral replication and t-cell spreading is pivotal in the protection against fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice after neutralization of ifn-alpha/beta Journal of Immunology 1994 153:220-231 PMID:8207238
- Doherty, P. C., Hou, S., Evans, C. F., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A., Blackman, M. A. Limiting the available t-cell receptor repertoire modifies acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced immunopathology Journal of Neuroimmunology 1994 51:147-152 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(94)90076-0 PMID:8182114
- Whitton, J. L. Antisense treatment of viral-infection Advances in Virus Research 1994 44:267-303 DOI:10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60331-0 PMID:7817875
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Eddleston, M., Delatorre, J. C., McKee, T., Whitton, J. L. Vaccination to prevent persistent viral infection Journal of Virology 1993 67:4372-4378 PMID:8510226 PMCID:PMC237809
- Sheng, N., Zhang, J., Whitton, J. L., McKee, T. A rapid and simple method for determining the DNA-sequences of fragments inserted into vaccinia virus Biotechniques 1993 14:781-784 PMID:8512703
- Zheng, X., Whitton, J. L. An anti-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus ribozyme expressed in tissue-culture cells diminishes viral-rna levels and leads to a reduction in infectious virus yield Journal of Virology 1993 67:1840-1847 PMID:8445712 PMCID:PMC240243
- Whitton, J. L., Sheng, N., Oldstone, M. B. A., McKee, T. A. A string-of-beads vaccine, comprising linked minigenes, confers protection from lethal-dose virus challenge Journal of Virology 1993 67:348-352 PMID:7677954 PMCID:PMC237369
- Barnett, L. A., Whitton, J. L., Wada, Y., Fujinami, R. S. Enhancement of autoimmune-disease using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding myelin proteolipid protein Journal of Neuroimmunology 1993 44:15-26 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(93)90263-x PMID:7684398
- Lewicki, H., McKee, T. A., Tishon, A., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Novel lcmv-specific h-2k restricted ctl clones recognize internal viral gene-products and cause cns disease Journal of Neuroimmunology 1992 41:15-20 DOI:10.1016/0165-5728(92)90190-v PMID:1281166
- Schwarz, H., Whitton, J. L. A rapid, inexpensive method for eluting DNA from agarose or acrylamide-gel slices without using toxic or chaotropic materials Biotechniques 1992 13:205-206 PMID:1389152
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Tishon, A., Geckeler, R., Lewicki, H., Whitton, J. L. A common antiviral cytotoxic lymphocyte-t epitope for diverse major histocompatibility complex haplotypes - implications for vaccination Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1992 89:2752-2755 DOI:10.1073/pnas.89.7.2752 PMID:1372990
- Muller, D., Koller, B. H., Whitton, J. L., Lapan, K. E., Brigman, K. K., Frelinger, J. A. Lcmv-specific, class-ii restricted cytotoxic t-cells in beta-2-microglobulin deficient mice Science 1992 255:1576-1578 DOI:10.1126/science.1347959 PMID:1347959
- Xing, Z., Whitton, J. L. Ribozymes which cleave arenavirus rnas - identification of susceptible target sites and inhibition by target site secondary structure Journal of Virology 1992 66:1361-1369 PMID:1738195 PMCID:PMC240858
- Ray, J., Whitton, J. L., Fujinami, R. S. Rapid accumulation of measles-virus leader rna in the nucleus of infected hela-cells and human lymphoid-cells Journal of Virology 1991 65:7041-7045 PMID:1942256 PMCID:PMC250824
- Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Vaccination and protection from a lethal viral infection: identification, incorporation, and use of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte glycoprotein epitope Virology 1990 178:393-400 DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(90)90336-p PMID:1699348
- Whitton, J. L., Tishon, A., Lewicki, H., Gebhard, J., Cook, T., Salvato, M., Joly, E., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular analyses of a 5-amino-acid cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t (ctl) epitope - an immunodominant region which induces nonreciprocal ctl cross-reactivity Journal of Virology 1989 63:4303-4310 PMID:2476570 PMCID:PMC251046
- Klavinskis, L. S., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecularly engineered vaccine which expresses an immunodominant t-cell epitope induces cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t that confer protection from lethal virus-infection Journal of Virology 1989 63:4311-4316 PMID:2476571 PMCID:PMC251047
- Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Class-i mhc can present an endogenous peptide to cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine 1989 170:1033-1038 DOI:10.1084/jem.170.3.1033 PMID:2475568
- Joly, E., Salvato, M., Whitton, J. L., Oldstone, M. B. A. Polymorphism of cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t clones that recognize a defined 9-amino-acid immunodominant domain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus glycoprotein Journal of Virology 1989 63:1845-1851 PMID:2467990 PMCID:PMC250594
- Oldstone, M. B. A., Whitton, J. L., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A. Fine dissection of a 9 amino-acid glycoprotein epitope, a major determinant recognized by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific class-i-restricted h-2db cyto-toxic lymphocytes-t Journal of Experimental Medicine 1988 168:559-570 DOI:10.1084/jem.168.2.559 PMID:2457647
- Whitton, J. L., Gebhard, J. R., Lewicki, H., Tishon, A., Oldstone, M. B. A. Molecular definition of a major cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t epitope in the glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Journal of Virology 1988 62:687-695 PMID:2448497 PMCID:PMC253621
- Whitton, J. L., Southern, P. J., Oldstone, M. B. A. Analyses of the cyto-toxic lymphocyte-t responses to glycoprotein and nucleoprotein components of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Virology 1988 162:321-327 DOI:10.1016/0042-6822(88)90471-0 PMID:3257596
- Gaffney, D. F., McLauchlan, J., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. A modular system for the assay of transcription regulatory signals - the sequence taatgarat is required for herpes-simplex virus immediate early gene activation Nucleic Acids Research 1985 13:7847-7863 DOI:10.1093/nar/13.21.7847 PMID:2999706
- McLauchlan, J., Gaffney, D., Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The consensus sequence ygtgttyy located downstream from the aataaa signal is required for efficient formation of messenger-rna 3' termini Nucleic Acids Research 1985 13:1347-1368 DOI:10.1093/nar/13.4.1347 PMID:2987822
- Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. Replication origins and a sequence involved in coordinate induction of the immediate-early gene family are conserved in an intergenic region of herpes-simplex virus Nucleic Acids Research 1984 12:2061-2079 DOI:10.1093/nar/12.4.2061 PMID:6322134
- Whitton, J. L., Clements, J. B. The junctions between the repetitive and the short unique sequences of the herpes-simplex virus genome are determined by the polypeptide-coding regions of 2 spliced immediate-early messenger-rnas Journal of General Virology 1984 65:451-466 PMID:6321634
- Whitton, J. L., Rixon, F. J., Easton, A. J., Clements, J. B. Immediate-early messenger rna-2 of herpes-simplex viruses type-1 and type-2 is unspliced - conserved sequences around the 5' and 3' termini correspond to transcription regulatory signals Nucleic Acids Research 1983 11:6271-6287 DOI:10.1093/nar/11.18.6271 PMID:6312416
- Whitton, J. L., Hundley, F., Odonnell, B., Desselberger, U. Silver staining of nucleic-acids - applications in virus research and in diagnostic virology Journal of Virological Methods 1983 7:185-198 DOI:10.1016/0166-0934(83)90008-3 PMID:6197422