recent publications
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academic article
- Halder, S. K., Milner, R. Chronic mild hypoxia accelerates recovery from preexisting EAE by enhancing vascular integrity and apoptosis of infiltrated monocytes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2020 117:11126-11135 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1920935117 PMID:32371484 PMCID:PMC7245138
- Kant, R., Halder, S. K., Fernandez, J. A., Griffin, J. H., Milner, R. Activated Protein C Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Progression by Enhancing Vascular Integrity and Suppressing Microglial Activation Frontiers in Neuroscience 2020 14 DOI:10.3389/fnins.2020.00333 PMID:32351356 PMCID:PMC7174764
- Halder, S. K., Milner, R. A critical role for microglia in maintaining vascular integrity in the hypoxic spinal cord Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2019 116:26029-26037 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1912178116 PMID:31772011 PMCID:PMC6925983
- Kant, R., Halder, S. K., Bix, G. J., Milner, R. Absence of endothelial α5β1 integrin triggers early onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis due to reduced vascular remodeling and compromised vascular integrity Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2019 7 DOI:10.1186/s40478-019-0659-9 PMID:30678721 PMCID:PMC6346510
- Halder, S. K., Kant, R., Milner, R. Chronic mild hypoxia increases expression of laminins 111 and 411 and the laminin receptor α6β1 integrin at the blood-brain barrier Brain Research 2018 1700:78-85 DOI:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.012 PMID:30006296 PMCID:PMC6231956
- Pang, D., Wang, L., Dong, J., Lai, X., Huang, Q., Milner, R., Li, L. Integrin α5β1-Ang1/Tie2 receptor cross-talk regulates brain endothelial cell responses following cerebral ischemia Experimental and Molecular Medicine 2018 50 DOI:10.1038/s12276-018-0145-7
- Halder, S. K., Kant, R., Milner, R. Hypoxic pre-conditioning suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by modifying multiple properties of blood vessels Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2018 6 DOI:10.1186/s40478-018-0590-5 PMID:30176931 PMCID:PMC6122733
- Halder, S. K., Kant, R., Milner, R. Chronic mild hypoxia promotes profound vascular remodeling in spinal cord blood vessels, preferentially in white matter, via an α5β1 integrin-mediated mechanism Angiogenesis 2018 21:251-266 DOI:10.1007/s10456-017-9593-2 PMID:29299782
- Welser, J. V., Halder, S. K., Kant, R., Boroujerdi, A., Milner, R. Endothelial α6β4 integrin protects during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced neuroinflammation by maintaining vascular integrity and tight junction protein expression Journal of Neuroinflammation 2017 14 DOI:10.1186/s12974-017-0987-2 PMID:29121970 PMCID:PMC5679365
- Sun, J., Yu, L., Huang, S., Lai, X., Milner, R., Li, L. Vascular expression of angiopoietin1, α5β1 integrin and tight junction proteins is tightly regulated during vascular remodeling in the post-ischemic brain Neuroscience 2017 362:248-256 DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.040 PMID:28864200
- Burnier, L., Boroujerdi, A., Fernandez, J. A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Griffin, J. H., Milner, R. Physiological cerebrovascular remodeling in response to chronic mild hypoxia: A role for activated protein C Experimental Neurology 2016 283:396-403 DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.004 PMID:27412766 PMCID:PMC4992591
- Johnson, K. M., Milner, R., Crocker, S. J. Extracellular matrix composition determines astrocyte responses to mechanical and inflammatory stimuli Neuroscience Letters 2015 600:104-109 DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.013 PMID:26067407 PMCID:PMC4530625
- Boroujerdi, A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates post-hypoxic vascular pruning of cerebral blood vessels by degrading laminin and claudin-5 Angiogenesis 2015 18:255-264 DOI:10.1007/s10456-015-9464-7 PMID:25812799
- Boroujerdi, A., Milner, R. Defining the critical hypoxic threshold that promotes vascular remodeling in the brain Experimental Neurology 2015 263:132-140 DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.10.007 PMID:25448157 PMCID:PMC4261640
- Huang, Q., Chen, B., Wang, F., Huang, H., Milner, R., Li, L. The temporal expression patterns of fibronectin and its receptors-α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins on blood vessels after cerebral ischemia Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 2015 33:493-507 DOI:10.3233/rnn-140491 PMID:26409408
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Boroujerdi, A., Tigges, U., Milner, R. Analysis of TNF-alpha-mediated cerebral pericyte remodeling Methods in Molecular Biology 2014 1155:81-93 DOI:10.1007/978-1-4939-0669-7_8 PMID:24788175
- Boroujerdi, A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. Examining vascular remodeling in the hypoxic central nervous system Methods in Molecular Biology 2014 1135:177-186 DOI:10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_15 PMID:24510864
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Boroujerdi, A., Milner, R. Isolation and culture of primary mouse brain endothelial cells Methods in Molecular Biology 2014 1135:345-356 DOI:10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_28 PMID:24510877
- Boroujerdi, A., Tigges, U., Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. Isolation and culture of primary pericytes from mouse brain Methods in Molecular Biology 2014 1135:383-392 DOI:10.1007/978-1-4939-0320-7_31 PMID:24510880
- Boroujerdi, A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. Extensive vascular remodeling in the spinal cord of pre-symptomatic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice; increased vessel expression of fibronectin and the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin Experimental Neurology 2013 250:43-51 DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.009 PMID:24056042 PMCID:PMC4235607
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. Microglia are the major source of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in postnatal glial cultures; regulation by cytokines, lipopolysaccharide, and vitronectin Neurochemistry International 2013 63:47-53 DOI:10.1016/j.neuint.2013.04.007 PMID:23619393 PMCID:PMC3819935
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Boroujerdi, A., Tigges, U., Wrabetz, L., Feltri, M. L., Milner, R. Endothelial beta4 integrin is predominantly expressed in arterioles, where it promotes vascular remodeling in the hypoxic brain Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2013 33:943-953 DOI:10.1161/atvbaha.112.300566 PMID:23471230
- Tigges, U., Boroujerdi, A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Milner, R. TNF-alpha promotes cerebral pericyte remodeling in vitro, via a switch from alpha1 to alpha2 integrins Journal of Neuroinflammation 2013 10:33 DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-10-33 PMID:23448258 PMCID:PMC3616978
- Li, L. X., Welser-Alves, J., van der Flier, A., Boroujerdi, A., Hynes, R. O., Milner, R. An angiogenic role for the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in promoting endothelial cell proliferation during cerebral hypoxia Experimental Neurology 2012 237:46-54 DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.06.005 PMID:22721769 PMCID:PMC3748139
- Boroujerdi, A., Welser-Alves, J. V., Tigges, U., Milner, R. Chronic cerebral hypoxia promotes arteriogenic remodeling events that can be identified by reduced endoglin (CD105) expression and a switch in beta 1 integrins Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2012 32:1820-1830 DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.94 PMID:22739620 PMCID:PMC3434638
- Tigges, U., Welser-Alves, J. V., Boroujerdi, A., Milner, R. A novel and simple method for culturing pericytes from mouse brain Microvascular Research 2012 84:74-80 DOI:10.1016/j.mvr.2012.03.008 PMID:22484453 PMCID:PMC3748138
- del Zoppo, G. J., Frankowski, H., Gu, Y. H., Osada, T., Kanazawa, M., Milner, R., Wang, X. Y., Hosomi, N., Mabuchi, T., Koziol, J. A. Microglial cell activation is a source of metalloproteinase generation during hemorrhagic transformation Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2012 32:919-932 DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.2012.11 PMID:22354151 PMCID:PMC3345906
- Welser, J. V., Milner, R. Derivation of microglia-free astrocyte cultures from neural stem cells Methods in Molecular Biology 2012 814:81-91 DOI:10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_6 PMID:22144301
- Li, L. X., Liu, F. D., Welser-Alves, J. V., McCullough, L. D., Milner, R. Upregulation of fibronectin and the α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins on blood vessels within the cerebral ischemic penumbra Experimental Neurology 2012 233:283-291 DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.10.017 PMID:22056225 PMCID:PMC3748136
- Welser, J. V., Milner, R. Use of astrocyte-microglial cocultures to examine the regulatory influence of astrocytes on microglial activation Methods in Molecular Biology 2012 814:367-380 DOI:10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_24 PMID:22144319
- Frankowski, H., Gu, Y. H., Heo, J. H., Milner, R., Del Zoppo, G. J. Use of gel zymography to examine matrix metalloproteinase (gelatinase) expression in brain tissue or in primary glial cultures Methods in Molecular Biology 2012 814:221-233 DOI:10.1007/978-1-61779-452-0_15 PMID:22144310 PMCID:PMC3670093
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Boroujerdi, A., Tigges, U., Milner, R. Microglia use multiple mechanisms to mediate interactions with vitronectin; non-essential roles for the highly-expressed alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 integrins Journal of Neuroinflammation 2011 8:157 DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-8-157 PMID:22074485 PMCID:PMC3239846
- Osada, T., Gu, Y. H., Kanazawa, M., Tsubota, Y., Hawkins, B. T., Spatz, M., Milner, R., del Zoppo, G. J. Interendothelial claudin-5 expression depends on cerebral endothelial cell-matrix adhesion by beta(1)-integrins Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2011 31:1972-1985 DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.2011.99 PMID:21772312 PMCID:PMC3208159
- Welser-Alves, J. V., Crocker, S. J., Milner, R. A dual role for microglia in promoting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (timp) expression in glial cells in response to neuroinflammatory stimuli Journal of Neuroinflammation 2011 8:61 DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-8-61 PMID:21631912 PMCID:PMC3120696
- Tsueng, G., Tabor-Godwin, J. M., Gopal, A., Ruller, C. M., Deline, S., An, N., Frausto, R. F., Milner, R., Crocker, S. J., Whitton, J. L., Feuer, R. Coxsackievirus preferentially replicates and induces cytopathic effects in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells Journal of Virology 2011 85:5718-5732 DOI:10.1128/jvi.02261-10 PMID:21471247 PMCID:PMC3126326
- Moore, C. S., Milner, R., Nishiyama, A., Frausto, R. F., Serwanski, D. R., Pagarigan, R. R., Whitton, J. L., Miller, R. H., Crocker, S. J. Astrocytic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (timp-1) promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhances cns myelination Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31:6247-6254 DOI:10.1523/jneurosci.5474-10.2011 PMID:21508247 PMCID:PMC3090636
- Welser, J. V., Li, L. X., Milner, R. Microglial activation state exerts a biphasic influence on brain endothelial cell proliferation by regulating the balance of tnf and tgf-beta 1 Journal of Neuroinflammation 2010 7:89 DOI:10.1186/1742-2094-7-89 PMID:21134289 PMCID:PMC3016272
- Pian, J. P., Criado, J. R., Milner, R., Ehlers, C. L. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in adult and adolescent brain following chronic ethanol exposure Neuroscience 2010 170:645-654 DOI:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.065 PMID:20603193 PMCID:PMC2945397
- Li, L. X., Welser, J. V., Dore-Duffy, P., Del Zoppo, G. J., Lamanna, J. C., Milner, R. In the hypoxic central nervous system, endothelial cell proliferation is followed by astrocyte activation, proliferation, and increased expression of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin and dystroglycan Glia 2010 58:1157-1167 DOI:10.1002/glia.20995 PMID:20544851 PMCID:PMC2914614
- Li, L. X., Welser, J. V., Milner, R. Absence of the alpha v beta 3 integrin dictates the time-course of angiogenesis in the hypoxic central nervous system: Accelerated endothelial proliferation correlates with compensatory increases in alpha 5 beta 1 integrin expression Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2010 30:1031-1043 DOI:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.276 PMID:20087368 PMCID:PMC2949180
- Milner, R. Microglial expression of alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 5 integrins is regulated by cytokines and the extracellular matrix: Beta 5 integrin null microglia show no defects in adhesion or mmp-9 expression on vitronectin Glia 2009 57:714-723 DOI:10.1002/glia.20799 PMID:18985734
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitton, J. L., Milner, R. A novel method to establish microglia-free astrocyte cultures: Comparison of matrix metalloproteinase expression profiles in pure cultures of astrocytes and microglia Glia 2008 56:1187-1198 DOI:10.1002/glia.20689 PMID:18449943 PMCID:PMC2776034
- Milner, R., Hung, S., Erokwu, B., Dore-Duffy, P., LaManna, J. C., del Zoppo, G. J. Increased expression of fibronectin and the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in angiogenic cerebral blood vessels of mice subject to hypobaric hypoxia Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2008 38:43-52 DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2008.01.013 PMID:18343155 PMCID:PMC2588547
- Milner, R., Hung, S., Wang, X., Spatz, M., del Zoppo, G. J. The rapid decrease in astrocyte-associated dystroglycan expression by focal cerebral ischemia is protease-dependent Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2008 28:812-823 DOI:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600585 PMID:18030304 PMCID:PMC2588545
- Milner, R., Hung, S., Wang, X., Berg, G. I., Spatz, M., del Zoppo, G. J. Responses of endothelial cell and astrocyte matrix-integrin receptors to ischemia mimic those observed in the neurovascular unit Stroke 2008 39:191-197 DOI:10.1161/strokeaha.107.486134 PMID:18032737 PMCID:PMC2588548
- Crocker, S. J., Frausto, R. F., Whitmire, J. K., Benning, N., Milner, R., Whitton, J. L. Amelioration of coxsackievirus b3-mediated myocarditis by inhibition of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase-1 American Journal of Pathology 2007 171:1762-1773 DOI:10.2353/ajpath.2007.070179 PMID:18055551 PMCID:PMC2111101
- Milner, R., Crocker, S. J., Hung, S., Wang, X. Y., Frausto, R. F., del Zoppo, G. J. Fibronectin- and vitronectin-induced microglial activation and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression is mediated by integrins alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(5) Journal of Immunology 2007 178:8158-8167 PMID:17548654
- del Zoppo, G. J., Milner, R., Mabuchi, T., Hung, S., Wang, X. Y., Berg, G. I., Koziol, J. A. Microglial activation and matrix protease generation during focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 2007 38:646-651 DOI:10.1161/01.STR.0000254477.34231.cb PMID:17261708
- Milner, R. A novel three-dimensional system to study interactions between endothelial cells and neural cells of the developing central nervous system BMC Neuroscience 2007 8:3 DOI:10.1186/1471-2202-8-3 PMID:17199896 PMCID:PMC1769506
- Milner, R., Campbell, I. L. Increased expression of the beta 4 and alpha 5 integrin subunits in cerebral blood vessels of transgenic mice chronically producing the pro-inflammatory cytokines il-6 or ifn-alpha, in the central nervous system Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2006 33:429-440 DOI:10.1016/j.mcn.2006.09.004 PMID:17049262 PMCID:PMC1847624
- del Zoppo, G. J., Milner, R., Mabuchi, T., Hung, S., Wang, X., Koziol, J. A. Vascular matrix adhesion and the blood-brain barrier Biochemical Society Transactions 2006 34:1261-1266 PMID:17073798
- del Zoppo, G. J., Milner, R. Integrin-matrix interactions in the cerebral microvasculature Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2006 26:1966-1975 DOI:10.1161/01.ATV.0000232525.65682.a2 PMID:16778120
- Crocker, S. J., Milner, R., Pham-Mitchell, N., Campbell, I. L. Cell and agonist-specific regulation of genes for matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors by primary glial cells Journal of Neurochemistry 2006 98:812-823 DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03927.x PMID:16893421
- Wang, J., Milner, R. Fibronectin promotes brain capillary endothelial cell survival and proliferation through alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3 integrins via map kinase signalling Journal of Neurochemistry 2006 96:148-159 DOI:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03521.x PMID:16269008
- Milner, R., Campbell, I. L. The extracellular matrix and cytokines regulate microglial integrin expression and activation Journal of Immunology 2003 170:3850-3858 PMID:12646653
- Milner, R., Campbell, I. L. Developmental regulation of beta 1 integrins during angiogenesis in the central nervous system Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2002 20:616-626 DOI:10.1006/mcne.2002.1151 PMID:12213443
- Milner, R., Campbell, I. L. The integrin family of cell adhesion molecules has multiple functions within the cns Journal of Neuroscience Research 2002 69:286-291 DOI:10.1002/jnr.10321 PMID:12125070
- Milner, R., Campbell, I. L. Cytokines regulate microglial adhesion to laminin and astrocyte extracellular matrix via protein kinase c-dependent activation of the alpha 6 beta 1 integrin Journal of Neuroscience 2002 22:1562-1572 PMID:11880486
- Asensio, V. C., Maier, J., Milner, R., Boztug, K., Kincaid, C., Moulard, M., Phillipson, C., Lindsley, K., Krucker, T., Fox, H. S., Campbell, I. L. Interferon-independent, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-mediated induction of cxcl10/ip-10 gene expression by astrocytes in vivo and in vitro Journal of Virology 2001 75:7067-7077 DOI:10.1128/jvi.75.15.7067-7077.2001 PMID:11435587
- Milner, R., Relvas, J. I. B., Fawcett, J., ffrench-Constant, C. Developmental regulation of alpha v integrins produces functional changes in astrocyte behavior Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 2001 18:108-118 DOI:10.1006/mcne.2001.1003 PMID:11461157
- Frost, E. E., Milner, R., Ffrench-Constant, C. Migration assays for oligodendrocyte precursor cells Methods in Molecular Biology 2000 139:265-278 DOI:10.1385/1-59259-063-2:265 PMID:10840794
- Milner, R., Huang, X. Z., Wu, J. F., Nishimura, S., Pytela, R., Sheppard, D., ffrench-Constant, C. Distinct roles for astrocyte alpha v beta 5 and alpha v beta 8 integrins in adhesion and migration Journal of Cell Science 1999 112:4271-4279 PMID:10564645
- Frost, E. E., Buttery, P. C., Milner, R., ffrench-Constant, C. Integrins mediate a neuronal survival signal for oligodendrocytes Current Biology 1999 9:1251-1254 DOI:10.1016/s0960-9822(99)80506-5 PMID:10556090
- Buttery, P. C., Mallawaarachchi, C. M., Milner, R., Doherty, P., ffrench-Constant, C. Mapping regions of the beta 1 integrin cytoplasmic domain involved in migration and survival in primary oligodendrocyte precursors using cell-permeable homeopeptides Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1999 259:121-127 DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1999.0726 PMID:10334926
- Oldroyd, B., Truscott, J. G., Woodrow, G., Milner, R., Stewart, S. P., Smith, A. H., Westmacott, C. F., Smith, M. A. Comparison of in vivo body composition using two Lunar dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1998 52:180-185 DOI:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600537 PMID:9537303
- Milner, R., Frost, E., Nishimura, S., Delcommenne, M., Streuli, C., Pytela, R., FfrenchConstant, C. Expression of alpha v beta 3 and alpha v beta 8 integrins during oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation in the presence and absence of axons Glia 1997 21:350-360 DOI:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199712)21:4<350::aid-glia2>3.3.co;2-g PMID:9419010
- Milner, R., Wilby, M., Nishimura, S., Boylen, K., Edwards, G., Fawcett, J., Streuli, C., Pytela, R., ffrenchConstant, C. Division of labor of schwann cell integrins during migration on peripheral nerve extracellular matrix ligands Developmental Biology 1997 185:215-228 DOI:10.1006/dbio.1997.8547 PMID:9187084
- Jefferson, S., Jacques, T., Kiernan, B. W., ScottDrew, S., Milner, R., ffrenchConstant, C. Inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor motility by oligodendrocyte processes: Implications for transplantation-based approaches to multiple sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis 1997 3:162-167 PMID:9291174
- Milner, R. Understanding the molecular basis of cell migration; implications for clinical therapy in multiple sclerosis Clinical Science 1997 92:113-122 PMID:9059311
- Milner, R., Anderson, H. J., Rippon, R. F., McKay, J. S., Franklin, R. J. M., Marchionni, M. A., Reynolds, R., FfrenchConstant, C. Contrasting effects of mitogenic growth factors on oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration Glia 1997 19:85-90 DOI:10.1002/(sici)1098-1136(199701)19:1<85::aid-glia9>3.0.co;2-9 PMID:8989571
- Milner, R., Edwards, G., Streuli, C., FfrenchConstant, C. A role in migration for the alpha v beta 1 integrin expressed on oligodendrocyte precursors Journal of Neuroscience 1996 16:7240-7252 PMID:8929432
- Shaw, C. E., Milner, R., Compston, A. S., ffrenchConstant, C. Analysis of integrin expression on oligodendrocytes during axo-glial interaction by using rat-mouse xenocultures Journal of Neuroscience 1996 16:1163-1172 PMID:8558245
- Franklin, R. J. M., Bayley, S. A., Milner, R., Ffrenchconstant, C., Blakemore, W. F. Differentiation of the o-2a progenitor-cell line cg-4 into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes following transplantation into glia-deficient areas of cns white-matter Glia 1995 13:39-44 DOI:10.1002/glia.440130105 PMID:7751054
- Milner, R., Ffrenchconstant, C. A developmental analysis of oligodendroglial integrins in primary-cells - changes in alpha-v-associated beta-subunits during differentiation Development 1994 120:3497-3506 PMID:7821217
- Ffrenchconstant, C., Kiernan, B. W., Milner, R., Stottdrew, S. Developmental studies of oligodendrocyte precursor cell-migration and their implications for transplantation as therapy for multiple-sclerosis Eye 1994 8:221-223 PMID:7958026
- Harrison, S., Milner, R., Boyett, M. Influence of Ca2+ channel agonists and antagonists on the post-rest staircase European Journal of Pharmacology 1993 237:83-92 DOI:10.1016/0014-2999(93)90096-z PMID:7689472